13.2.1 Attenuation Tomography.......................................... 255
13.3 Fourier Slice Theorem ........................................................... 258
13.4 Summary ...............................................................................260
Problems...........................................................................................260
Chapter 14 X-Ray Imaging and Computed Tomography ................................... 261
14.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 261
14.2 Physics of X-Ray.................................................................... 261
14.2.1 Imaging with X-Ray .................................................264
14.2.2 Radiation Dose ......................................................... 265
14.3 Attenuation-Based X-Ray Imaging .......................................266
14.4 X-Ray Detection .................................................................... 267
14.5 Image Quality ........................................................................ 271
14.6 Computed Tomography ......................................................... 272
14.7 Biomedical CT Scanners ....................................................... 274
14.8 Diagnostic Applications of X-Ray Imaging .......................... 276
14.9 CT Images for Stereotactic Surgeries .................................... 277
14.10 CT Registration for Other Image- Guided Interventions ....... 278
14.11 Complications of X-Ray Imaging .......................................... 279
14.12 Summary ............................................................................... 279
Problems........................................................................................... 279
Chapter 15 Magnetic Resonance Imaging .......................................................... 283
15.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 283
15.2 Physical and Physiological Principles of MRI ...................... 285
15.2.1 Resonance ................................................................. 288
15.3 MR Imaging .......................................................................... 291
15.4 Formulation of MRI Reconstruction ..................................... 295
15.5 Functional MRI ..................................................................... 297
15.5.1 BOLD MRI .............................................................. 299
15.6 Applications of MRI and fMRI ............................................ 301
15.6.1 fMRI for Monitoring Audio Activities of Brain ...... 301
15.6.2 fMRI for Monitoring Motoneuron
Activities of Brain...................................................... 302
15.6.3 fMRI for Monitoring Visual Cortex Activities ........ 303
15.7 Processing and Feature Extraction of MRI ........................... 303
15.7.1 Sources of Noise and Filtering Methods in MRI .....304
15.7.2 Feature Extraction .................................................... 305
15.8 Comparison of MRI with Other Imaging Modalities ........... 305
15.9 Registration with MR Images ................................................306
15.10 Summary ...............................................................................307
Problems...........................................................................................307
Contents
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