Chapter 11 Electromyogram ............................................................................... 217
11.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 217
11.2 Muscle.................................................................................... 217
11.2.1 Motor Unit ................................................................218
11.2.2 Muscle Contraction .................................................. 220
11.2.3 Muscle Force ............................................................ 221
11.3 EMG: Signal of Muscles........................................................ 223
11.3.1 Significance of EMG ................................................ 225
11.4 Neuromuscular Diseases and EMG ....................................... 226
11.4.1 Abnormal Enervation ............................................... 226
11.4.2 Pathological Motor Units ......................................... 227
11.4.3 Abnormal Neuromuscular Transmission in
Motor Units .............................................................. 228
11.4.4 Defects in Muscle Cell Membrane ........................... 229
11.5 Other Applications of EMG .................................................. 229
11.6 Processing and Feature Extraction of EMG .......................... 230
11.6.1 Sources of Noise on EMG ........................................ 230
11.6.2 Time-Domain Analysis ............................................ 231
11.6.3 Frequency- and Wavelet-Domain Analysis .............. 232
11.7 Summary ............................................................................... 233
Acknowledgment .............................................................................. 233
Problems........................................................................................... 233
Chapter 12 Other Biomedical Signals ................................................................. 237
12.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................237
12.2 Blood Pressure and Blood Flow ............................................ 237
12.3 Electrooculogram .................................................................. 238
12.4 Magnetoencephalogram ........................................................ 241
12.5 Respiratory Signals ................................................................ 242
12.6 More Biomedical Signals ...................................................... 244
12.7 Summary ...............................................................................245
Problems...........................................................................................245
Reference..........................................................................................245
PART III Processing of Biomedical Images
Chapter 13 Principles of Computed Tomography............................................... 249
13.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................249
13.1.1 Attenuation Tomography..........................................250
13.1.2 Time-of-Flight Tomography..................................... 251
13.1.3 Reflection Tomography ............................................251
13.1.4 Diffraction Tomography........................................... 252
13.2 Formulation of Attenuation Computed Tomography ............ 253
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Contents
11.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 217
11.2 Muscle.................................................................................... 217
11.2.1 Motor Unit ................................................................218
11.2.2 Muscle Contraction .................................................. 220
11.2.3 Muscle Force ............................................................ 221
11.3 EMG: Signal of Muscles........................................................ 223
11.3.1 Significance of EMG ................................................ 225
11.4 Neuromuscular Diseases and EMG ....................................... 226
11.4.1 Abnormal Enervation ............................................... 226
11.4.2 Pathological Motor Units ......................................... 227
11.4.3 Abnormal Neuromuscular Transmission in
Motor Units .............................................................. 228
11.4.4 Defects in Muscle Cell Membrane ........................... 229
11.5 Other Applications of EMG .................................................. 229
11.6 Processing and Feature Extraction of EMG .......................... 230
11.6.1 Sources of Noise on EMG ........................................ 230
11.6.2 Time-Domain Analysis ............................................ 231
11.6.3 Frequency- and Wavelet-Domain Analysis .............. 232
11.7 Summary ............................................................................... 233
Acknowledgment .............................................................................. 233
Problems........................................................................................... 233
Chapter 12 Other Biomedical Signals ................................................................. 237
12.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................237
12.2 Blood Pressure and Blood Flow ............................................ 237
12.3 Electrooculogram .................................................................. 238
12.4 Magnetoencephalogram ........................................................ 241
12.5 Respiratory Signals ................................................................ 242
12.6 More Biomedical Signals ...................................................... 244
12.7 Summary ...............................................................................245
Problems...........................................................................................245
Reference..........................................................................................245
PART III Processing of Biomedical Images
Chapter 13 Principles of Computed Tomography............................................... 249
13.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................249
13.1.1 Attenuation Tomography..........................................250
13.1.2 Time-of-Flight Tomography..................................... 251
13.1.3 Reflection Tomography ............................................251
13.1.4 Diffraction Tomography........................................... 252
13.2 Formulation of Attenuation Computed Tomography ............ 253
xii
Contents