Chapter 16 Ultrasound Imaging .........................................................................309
16.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................309
16.2 Why Ultrasound Imaging? ....................................................309
16.3 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Waves ................... 310
16.4 Physical and Physiological Principles of Ultrasound ............ 311
16.4.1 Fundamental Ultrasound Concepts..........................311
16.4.2 Wave Equation .......................................................... 313
16.4.3 Attenuation ...............................................................314
16.4.4 Reflection .................................................................. 316
16.5 Resolution of Ultrasound Imaging Systems .......................... 318
16.6 Ultrasound Imaging Modalities ............................................ 319
16.6.1 Attenuation Tomography.......................................... 320
16.6.2 Ultrasound Time-of-Flight Tomography.................. 324
16.6.3 Reflection Tomography ............................................ 325
16.6.3.1 Doppler Ultrasound Imaging .................... 327
16.7 Modes of Ultrasound Image Representation ......................... 329
16.8 Ultrasound Image Artifacts ................................................... 330
16.9 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Image Reconstruction ........ 330
16.10 Applications of Ultrasound Imaging ..................................... 332
16.11 Processing and Feature Extraction of Ultrasonic Images ..... 332
16.12 Image Registration ................................................................. 333
16.13 Comparison of CT, MRI, and Ultrasonic Images ................. 334
16.14 Bioeffects of Ultrasound ........................................................ 334
16.15 Summary ............................................................................... 335
Problems........................................................................................... 336
Chapter 17 Positron Emission Tomography........................................................ 339
17.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 339
17.2 Physical and Physiological Principles of PET ....................... 339
17.2.1 Production of Radionucleotides ............................... 340
17.2.2 Degeneration Process ............................................... 341
17.3 PET Signal Acquisition ......................................................... 342
17.3.1 Radioactive Detection in PET .................................. 343
17.4 PET Image Formation ...........................................................346
17.5 Significance of PET ............................................................... 347
17.6 Applications of PET .............................................................. 347
17.6.1 Cancer Tumor Detection .......................................... 347
17.6.2 Functional Brain Mapping ....................................... 348
17.6.3 Functional Heart Imaging ........................................ 349
17.6.4 Anatomical Imaging ................................................. 350
17.7 Processing and Feature Extraction of PET Images ............... 351
17.7.1 Sources of Noise and Blurring in PET ..................... 351
17.7.2 Image Registration with PET ................................... 351
xiv
Contents
16.1 Introduction and Overview....................................................309
16.2 Why Ultrasound Imaging? ....................................................309
16.3 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound Waves ................... 310
16.4 Physical and Physiological Principles of Ultrasound ............ 311
16.4.1 Fundamental Ultrasound Concepts..........................311
16.4.2 Wave Equation .......................................................... 313
16.4.3 Attenuation ...............................................................314
16.4.4 Reflection .................................................................. 316
16.5 Resolution of Ultrasound Imaging Systems .......................... 318
16.6 Ultrasound Imaging Modalities ............................................ 319
16.6.1 Attenuation Tomography.......................................... 320
16.6.2 Ultrasound Time-of-Flight Tomography.................. 324
16.6.3 Reflection Tomography ............................................ 325
16.6.3.1 Doppler Ultrasound Imaging .................... 327
16.7 Modes of Ultrasound Image Representation ......................... 329
16.8 Ultrasound Image Artifacts ................................................... 330
16.9 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Image Reconstruction ........ 330
16.10 Applications of Ultrasound Imaging ..................................... 332
16.11 Processing and Feature Extraction of Ultrasonic Images ..... 332
16.12 Image Registration ................................................................. 333
16.13 Comparison of CT, MRI, and Ultrasonic Images ................. 334
16.14 Bioeffects of Ultrasound ........................................................ 334
16.15 Summary ............................................................................... 335
Problems........................................................................................... 336
Chapter 17 Positron Emission Tomography........................................................ 339
17.1 Introduction and Overview.................................................... 339
17.2 Physical and Physiological Principles of PET ....................... 339
17.2.1 Production of Radionucleotides ............................... 340
17.2.2 Degeneration Process ............................................... 341
17.3 PET Signal Acquisition ......................................................... 342
17.3.1 Radioactive Detection in PET .................................. 343
17.4 PET Image Formation ...........................................................346
17.5 Significance of PET ............................................................... 347
17.6 Applications of PET .............................................................. 347
17.6.1 Cancer Tumor Detection .......................................... 347
17.6.2 Functional Brain Mapping ....................................... 348
17.6.3 Functional Heart Imaging ........................................ 349
17.6.4 Anatomical Imaging ................................................. 350
17.7 Processing and Feature Extraction of PET Images ............... 351
17.7.1 Sources of Noise and Blurring in PET ..................... 351
17.7.2 Image Registration with PET ................................... 351
xiv
Contents