5.1.3
One-Dimensional Crystals 95
5.2
Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered Structures 98
5.2.1
Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 98
5.2.2
Nanotubes and Nanorods from Materials other than Carbon 109
5.2.3
Synthesis of Nanotubes and Nanorods 113
References 120
6
Nanofluids 123
6.1
Definition 123
6.2
Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer 123
6.3
Ferrofluids 127
6.3.1
General Considerations 127
6.3.2
Properties of Ferrofluids 127
6.3.3
Applications of Ferrofluids 129
References 133
7
Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 135
7.1
Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles 135
7.2
Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles 136
7.3
Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 139
7.4
Phase Transformation and Coagulation 148
7.5
Structures of Nanoparticles 149
7.6
A Closer Look at Nanoparticle Melting 153
7.7
Structural Fluctuations 159
References 165
8
Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles 167
8.1
Magnetic Materials 167
8.2
Superparamagnetic Materials 171
8.3
Susceptibility and Related Phenomena in Superparamagnets 184
8.4
Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials 191
8.5
Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles 196
References 203
9
Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 205
9.1
General Remarks 205
9.2
Adjustment of the Index of Refraction 205
9.3
Optical Properties Related to Quantum Confinement 209
9.4
Quantum Dots and Other Lumophores 223
9.5
Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles Isolated and in
Transparent Matrices 231
9.6
Special Luminescent Nanocomposites 243
9.7
Electroluminescence 250
9.8
Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 257
9.8.1
General Considerations 257
VIj Contents
One-Dimensional Crystals 95
5.2
Nanostructures Related to Compounds with Layered Structures 98
5.2.1
Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene 98
5.2.2
Nanotubes and Nanorods from Materials other than Carbon 109
5.2.3
Synthesis of Nanotubes and Nanorods 113
References 120
6
Nanofluids 123
6.1
Definition 123
6.2
Nanofluids for Improved Heat Transfer 123
6.3
Ferrofluids 127
6.3.1
General Considerations 127
6.3.2
Properties of Ferrofluids 127
6.3.3
Applications of Ferrofluids 129
References 133
7
Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 135
7.1
Thermodynamics of Nanoparticles 135
7.2
Heat Capacity of Nanoparticles 136
7.3
Phase Transformations of Nanoparticles 139
7.4
Phase Transformation and Coagulation 148
7.5
Structures of Nanoparticles 149
7.6
A Closer Look at Nanoparticle Melting 153
7.7
Structural Fluctuations 159
References 165
8
Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles 167
8.1
Magnetic Materials 167
8.2
Superparamagnetic Materials 171
8.3
Susceptibility and Related Phenomena in Superparamagnets 184
8.4
Applications of Superparamagnetic Materials 191
8.5
Exchange-Coupled Magnetic Nanoparticles 196
References 203
9
Optical Properties of Nanoparticles 205
9.1
General Remarks 205
9.2
Adjustment of the Index of Refraction 205
9.3
Optical Properties Related to Quantum Confinement 209
9.4
Quantum Dots and Other Lumophores 223
9.5
Metallic and Semiconducting Nanoparticles Isolated and in
Transparent Matrices 231
9.6
Special Luminescent Nanocomposites 243
9.7
Electroluminescence 250
9.8
Photochromic and Electrochromic Materials 257
9.8.1
General Considerations 257
VIj Contents