9.8.2
Photochromic Materials 257
9.8.3
Electrochromic Materials 259
9.9
Materials for Combined Magnetic and Optic Applications 261
References 267
10
Electrical Properties of Nanoparticles 269
10.1
Fundamentals of Electrical Conductivity in Nanotubes and
Nanorods 269
10.2
Nanotubes 278
10.3
Photoconductivity of Nanorods 284
10.4
Electrical Conductivity of Nanocomposites 288
References 296
11
Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticles 299
11.1
General Considerations 299
11.2
Bulk Metallic and Ceramic Materials 302
11.2.1
Influence of Porosity 302
11.2.2
Influence of Grain Size 304
11.2.3
Superplasticity 317
11.3
Filled Polymer Composites 319
11.3.1
Particle-Filled Polymers 319
11.3.2
Polymer-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Platelets 323
11.3.3
Carbon Nanotube- and Graphene-Based Composites 329
References 333
12
Characterization of Nanomaterials 335
12.1
General Remarks 335
12.2
Global Methods for Characterization 335
12.2.1
Specific Surface Area 335
12.3
X-Ray and Electron Diffraction 341
12.4
Electron Microscopy 349
12.4.1
General Considerations 349
12.4.2
Interaction of the Electron Beam and Specimen 353
12.4.3
Localized Chemical Analysis in the Electron Microscope 358
12.4.4
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Using a High-Angle
Annular Dark-Field Detector 365
References 367
Index 369
Contents jVII