62
3 PVA/BC Bionancomposite Films with Particle Size Effect
( )
b
a
2θ (degree)
( )
Fig. 3.4 As-received NBCs and MBCs: a FTIR spectra [9] and b XRD patterns
1566.6 cm
−1 represent C=C vibration in an aromatic system [11]. The peak spectra
at 1696 and 1695.9 cm
−1 are corresponding to C=O band primarily for ionisable
carboxyl groups as an indicator of surface hydrophilicity [23]. The bands existing at
1111.1 and 1075.2 cm
−1 are ascribed to axial deformation of C–O band. Moreover,
the bands at 872.1 and 875 cm
−1 are referred to as C–H bending (in plane) and C–H
bending (out of plane), respectively. The out of plane –OH bending is also designated
by the band appearance at 750.2 and 743.6 cm
−1 for NBCs and MBCs, respectively.
Finally, the missing –OH peaks at 3350 cm
−1 in both NBC and MBC spectra infer
that both BC types have much lower moisture and alcohol contents [10].
Moreover, XRD patterns of MBCs and NBCs are depicted in Fig. 3.4b, revealing
the existence of two broad peaks. The board peaks at 2θ = 22.9
◦ are corresponding
to those sharp peaks of graphite assigned to the (002) diffraction plane [24]. Besides,
the second broad peaks at 2θ = 43.6
◦ characterised 2D in-plane symmetry (101)
along with graphene layers. Those board bands confirm that both NBCs and MBCs
belong to amorphous carbon. Moreover, NBCs exhibit the highest intensity of (101)
diffraction peak as opposed to that of MBCs, which means that NBCs have a relatively
high graphitisation degree arising from a higher carbonisation temperature of NBCs
relative to that of MBCs [25].
3.3 Characterisation and Properties of PVA/BC
Bionanocomposites
3.3.1 FTIR and XRD Spectra
FTIR spectra of embedded NBCs and MBCs within PVA matrices in PVA/BC
bionanocomposites are illustrated in Fig. 3.5b, c. The change of wave number for
–OH and –C–OH stretching bands is well known to be sensitive to hydrogen bonding
3 PVA/BC Bionancomposite Films with Particle Size Effect
( )
b
a
2θ (degree)
( )
Fig. 3.4 As-received NBCs and MBCs: a FTIR spectra [9] and b XRD patterns
1566.6 cm
−1 represent C=C vibration in an aromatic system [11]. The peak spectra
at 1696 and 1695.9 cm
−1 are corresponding to C=O band primarily for ionisable
carboxyl groups as an indicator of surface hydrophilicity [23]. The bands existing at
1111.1 and 1075.2 cm
−1 are ascribed to axial deformation of C–O band. Moreover,
the bands at 872.1 and 875 cm
−1 are referred to as C–H bending (in plane) and C–H
bending (out of plane), respectively. The out of plane –OH bending is also designated
by the band appearance at 750.2 and 743.6 cm
−1 for NBCs and MBCs, respectively.
Finally, the missing –OH peaks at 3350 cm
−1 in both NBC and MBC spectra infer
that both BC types have much lower moisture and alcohol contents [10].
Moreover, XRD patterns of MBCs and NBCs are depicted in Fig. 3.4b, revealing
the existence of two broad peaks. The board peaks at 2θ = 22.9
◦ are corresponding
to those sharp peaks of graphite assigned to the (002) diffraction plane [24]. Besides,
the second broad peaks at 2θ = 43.6
◦ characterised 2D in-plane symmetry (101)
along with graphene layers. Those board bands confirm that both NBCs and MBCs
belong to amorphous carbon. Moreover, NBCs exhibit the highest intensity of (101)
diffraction peak as opposed to that of MBCs, which means that NBCs have a relatively
high graphitisation degree arising from a higher carbonisation temperature of NBCs
relative to that of MBCs [25].
3.3 Characterisation and Properties of PVA/BC
Bionanocomposites
3.3.1 FTIR and XRD Spectra
FTIR spectra of embedded NBCs and MBCs within PVA matrices in PVA/BC
bionanocomposites are illustrated in Fig. 3.5b, c. The change of wave number for
–OH and –C–OH stretching bands is well known to be sensitive to hydrogen bonding