46
2 Materials, Methodology and Characterisation Techniques
Fig. 2.3 Flowchart for material characterisation of PVA-based bionanocomposite films
2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
FTIR technique is generally used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or
emission of a solid, liquid or gas sample based on vibration modes of atoms in
a molecule. Such a technique is regarded as the footprint of bonds and atoms for
material samples by analysing corresponding absorption peaks located at different
frequencies. FTIR was carried out to assess the interaction between PVA matrices
and nanofillers. It was recorded in a wavenumber range of 650–4000 cm
−1 with a
resolution of 4 cm
−1 according to an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method [6].
2.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
SEM is one of the most commonly used microscopic techniques to examine the
morphology of material fracture surfaces. In SEM, a focused beam with high energy
2 Materials, Methodology and Characterisation Techniques
Fig. 2.3 Flowchart for material characterisation of PVA-based bionanocomposite films
2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
FTIR technique is generally used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or
emission of a solid, liquid or gas sample based on vibration modes of atoms in
a molecule. Such a technique is regarded as the footprint of bonds and atoms for
material samples by analysing corresponding absorption peaks located at different
frequencies. FTIR was carried out to assess the interaction between PVA matrices
and nanofillers. It was recorded in a wavenumber range of 650–4000 cm
−1 with a
resolution of 4 cm
−1 according to an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method [6].
2.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
SEM is one of the most commonly used microscopic techniques to examine the
morphology of material fracture surfaces. In SEM, a focused beam with high energy