740
10 Variational Problems of Functionals with Vector, Tensor …
Gibbs (Josiah Willard, 1839.2.11–1903.4.28) American physicist and chemist. Born
and died in New Haven, Connecticut. Enter the Yale University in 1854, received a
Ph.D. degree in 1863, was the first American doctor in engineering. Derved as an
assistant professor at the University from 1863 to 1866. Sojourned in Europe From
1866–1869, further studied in Paris, Berlin, Heidelberg and other places. Served as a
professor at the Yale University since 1871. Became a member of the Royal Society
in 1897. Patented a design for a railway brake in 1869. Founded geometrical thermodynamics in 1873. Discovered the phase rule in 1875. Proposed the hermodynamic
equilibrium criterion in 1876 and the first used it on the chemical equilibrium, laid the
foundation of chemical thermodynamics. In the 1880s, researched Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, obtained the more simple vector analysis method than Maxwell
quaternionic notation, became one of the founders of modern vector calculation. Won
the Copley (Sir Godfrey, 1653–1709.4.9) Medal of the Royal Society of Lonton in
1901. Published Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics in 1902, proposed
and developed the statistical average, statistical fluctuation and statistical similarity
three methods in 1902, established the classical statistical mechanics. The works had
Graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids (1873), On the Equilibrium of
Heterogeneous Substances (1876) and Elementary principles in statistical mechanics
(1902) etc.
Poynting (John Henry, 1852.9.9–1914.3.30) British physicist. Born in Monton,
Lancashire, died in Birmingham. Studied at the Owen’s College, the predecessor
of University of Manchester from 1867 to 1872, Studied at the University of Manchester, University of London and University of Cambridge from 1872 to 1876, and
graduated from University of Cambridge, received a doctor degree of science. Taught
at the Owen’ College from 1876 to 1879. Served as a part–time a professor at Trinity
College, Cambridge in 1878. Served as a professor at the Mason Science College
in 1880, the Mason Science College and Birmingham Medical School were merged
into the University of Birmingham in 1892, served as a professor at the University.
Deduced the energy flow expression in Electromagnetic field in 1884, namely the
Poynting theorem. Measured the earth’s average densityin 1891, measured Newton’s
gravitational constant in 1893. Proposed the existence of the Sun’s radiation effect
in 1903, by American mathematician and physicist Robertson’s (Howard Percy
Bob, 1903.1.27–1961.8.26) development in 1937, and associated with the theory
of relativity, became a famous Poynting–Robertson effect. Was a fellow of the Royal
Society. The works had The mean density of the earth (1894), The pressure of light
(1910), The earth; its shape, size, weight and spin (1913), A Text–book of Physics:
Electricity and Magnetism. Pts. I and II: Static electricity and magnetism (1914) and
A Text–book of Physics: volume III: Heat (1920) etc.
Lorentz (Hendrik, Antoon, 1853.7.18–1928.2.4) Dutch physicist and mathematician. Born in Arnhem, died in Haarlem. Attended University of Leiden in 1870,
obtainded a doctoral degree in 1875. Served as a professor at the University of Leiden
in 1877. Founded the classical electron theory in 1896. Because of the discovery in
magneto–optic effect, won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1902. Proposed the Lorentz
10 Variational Problems of Functionals with Vector, Tensor …
Gibbs (Josiah Willard, 1839.2.11–1903.4.28) American physicist and chemist. Born
and died in New Haven, Connecticut. Enter the Yale University in 1854, received a
Ph.D. degree in 1863, was the first American doctor in engineering. Derved as an
assistant professor at the University from 1863 to 1866. Sojourned in Europe From
1866–1869, further studied in Paris, Berlin, Heidelberg and other places. Served as a
professor at the Yale University since 1871. Became a member of the Royal Society
in 1897. Patented a design for a railway brake in 1869. Founded geometrical thermodynamics in 1873. Discovered the phase rule in 1875. Proposed the hermodynamic
equilibrium criterion in 1876 and the first used it on the chemical equilibrium, laid the
foundation of chemical thermodynamics. In the 1880s, researched Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory, obtained the more simple vector analysis method than Maxwell
quaternionic notation, became one of the founders of modern vector calculation. Won
the Copley (Sir Godfrey, 1653–1709.4.9) Medal of the Royal Society of Lonton in
1901. Published Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics in 1902, proposed
and developed the statistical average, statistical fluctuation and statistical similarity
three methods in 1902, established the classical statistical mechanics. The works had
Graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids (1873), On the Equilibrium of
Heterogeneous Substances (1876) and Elementary principles in statistical mechanics
(1902) etc.
Poynting (John Henry, 1852.9.9–1914.3.30) British physicist. Born in Monton,
Lancashire, died in Birmingham. Studied at the Owen’s College, the predecessor
of University of Manchester from 1867 to 1872, Studied at the University of Manchester, University of London and University of Cambridge from 1872 to 1876, and
graduated from University of Cambridge, received a doctor degree of science. Taught
at the Owen’ College from 1876 to 1879. Served as a part–time a professor at Trinity
College, Cambridge in 1878. Served as a professor at the Mason Science College
in 1880, the Mason Science College and Birmingham Medical School were merged
into the University of Birmingham in 1892, served as a professor at the University.
Deduced the energy flow expression in Electromagnetic field in 1884, namely the
Poynting theorem. Measured the earth’s average densityin 1891, measured Newton’s
gravitational constant in 1893. Proposed the existence of the Sun’s radiation effect
in 1903, by American mathematician and physicist Robertson’s (Howard Percy
Bob, 1903.1.27–1961.8.26) development in 1937, and associated with the theory
of relativity, became a famous Poynting–Robertson effect. Was a fellow of the Royal
Society. The works had The mean density of the earth (1894), The pressure of light
(1910), The earth; its shape, size, weight and spin (1913), A Text–book of Physics:
Electricity and Magnetism. Pts. I and II: Static electricity and magnetism (1914) and
A Text–book of Physics: volume III: Heat (1920) etc.
Lorentz (Hendrik, Antoon, 1853.7.18–1928.2.4) Dutch physicist and mathematician. Born in Arnhem, died in Haarlem. Attended University of Leiden in 1870,
obtainded a doctoral degree in 1875. Served as a professor at the University of Leiden
in 1877. Founded the classical electron theory in 1896. Because of the discovery in
magneto–optic effect, won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1902. Proposed the Lorentz