10.9 Introduction to the Famous Scientists
739
physics, optics, electrodynamics, mathematics, thermodynamics, meteorology and
philosophy, etc. Invented the ophthalmoscope, cerotometer and stereo telescop. The
works had Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (On the Conservation of Force, 1847), Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik (1856–1867), Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen
als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (On the Sensations of Tone
as a physiological basis for the theory of music (1863, 1885, 1981) and Popular
lectures on scientific subjectsetc (1885, 1908) etc.
Kirchhoff (Gustav Robert, 1824.3.12–1887.10.17) German physicist, one of the
founders of spectroscopy. Born in Königsberg, died in Berlin. Graduated from the
University of Königsberg in 1847. Taught at the University of Berlin from 1848 to
1850, served as a professor at the University of Breslau from 1850 to 1854, served
as a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1854 to 1875, was a professor
at the University of Berlin from 1875 to 1886. Was elected a member of the Saint
Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1862, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society
in 1875, was also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, became foreign
member of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. Proposed the
Kirchhoff’s circuit law in 1845. Proposed Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation in
1859, in the same year made the spectrometer, created spectrochemical analysis with
the chemist Bunsen (Robert Wilhelm Eberhard, 1811.3.30–1899.8.16). Successively
discovered elements caesium and rubidium in 1860 and 1861. Proposed the concept
of black body in 1862. After further studying spectroscopy, determined the solar
spectrum. In mechanics, Solved the theory problems of bending and torsion of bar
and bending of plate. The works had Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspectrum
und die Spectren der chemischen Elemente (Researches on the solar spectrum, and
the spectra of the chemical elements, 1861–1863), Vorlesungen über mathematische
Physik (1876–1894) and Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1882) etc.
Maxwell (James Clerk, 1831.6.13–1879.11.5) Scottish mathematician and physicist. Born in Edinburgh, died in Cambridge, England. Studied at the University of
Edinburgh in 1847, transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge 1850, graduated in
1854, worked at the University of Cambridge in 1855. Served as a professor of
Natural Philosophy at the Marischal College, Aberdeen from 1856 to 1860. Served
as a professor of Natural Philosophy at the King’s College London ifrom 1860 to
1865. Served as the first Cavendish (Henry, 1731.10.10–1810.3.24, British chemist
and physicist) professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge in
1871, Served as part–time the first director of the Cavendish Laboratory in 1874. Was
a member of the Royal Society. Was the founder of the kinetic theory of gases and
classical electromagnetic theory. Made important contributions to mathematics, thermodynamics, optics, astronomy, viscoelastic mechanics and physics etc. Published
over 100 papers, the most part was colleced in The scientific papers of James Clerk
Maxwell (2 volumes, 1890). The works had Theory of Heat (1871, 1908), A Treatise
on Electricity and Magnetism (2 volumes, 1873), Matter and Motion (1877) and An
elementary treatise on electricity (1881) etc.
739
physics, optics, electrodynamics, mathematics, thermodynamics, meteorology and
philosophy, etc. Invented the ophthalmoscope, cerotometer and stereo telescop. The
works had Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (On the Conservation of Force, 1847), Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik (1856–1867), Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen
als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik (On the Sensations of Tone
as a physiological basis for the theory of music (1863, 1885, 1981) and Popular
lectures on scientific subjectsetc (1885, 1908) etc.
Kirchhoff (Gustav Robert, 1824.3.12–1887.10.17) German physicist, one of the
founders of spectroscopy. Born in Königsberg, died in Berlin. Graduated from the
University of Königsberg in 1847. Taught at the University of Berlin from 1848 to
1850, served as a professor at the University of Breslau from 1850 to 1854, served
as a professor at the University of Heidelberg from 1854 to 1875, was a professor
at the University of Berlin from 1875 to 1886. Was elected a member of the Saint
Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1862, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society
in 1875, was also a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, became foreign
member of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884. Proposed the
Kirchhoff’s circuit law in 1845. Proposed Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation in
1859, in the same year made the spectrometer, created spectrochemical analysis with
the chemist Bunsen (Robert Wilhelm Eberhard, 1811.3.30–1899.8.16). Successively
discovered elements caesium and rubidium in 1860 and 1861. Proposed the concept
of black body in 1862. After further studying spectroscopy, determined the solar
spectrum. In mechanics, Solved the theory problems of bending and torsion of bar
and bending of plate. The works had Untersuchungen über das Sonnenspectrum
und die Spectren der chemischen Elemente (Researches on the solar spectrum, and
the spectra of the chemical elements, 1861–1863), Vorlesungen über mathematische
Physik (1876–1894) and Gesammelte Abhandlungen (1882) etc.
Maxwell (James Clerk, 1831.6.13–1879.11.5) Scottish mathematician and physicist. Born in Edinburgh, died in Cambridge, England. Studied at the University of
Edinburgh in 1847, transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge 1850, graduated in
1854, worked at the University of Cambridge in 1855. Served as a professor of
Natural Philosophy at the Marischal College, Aberdeen from 1856 to 1860. Served
as a professor of Natural Philosophy at the King’s College London ifrom 1860 to
1865. Served as the first Cavendish (Henry, 1731.10.10–1810.3.24, British chemist
and physicist) professor of experimental physics at the University of Cambridge in
1871, Served as part–time the first director of the Cavendish Laboratory in 1874. Was
a member of the Royal Society. Was the founder of the kinetic theory of gases and
classical electromagnetic theory. Made important contributions to mathematics, thermodynamics, optics, astronomy, viscoelastic mechanics and physics etc. Published
over 100 papers, the most part was colleced in The scientific papers of James Clerk
Maxwell (2 volumes, 1890). The works had Theory of Heat (1871, 1908), A Treatise
on Electricity and Magnetism (2 volumes, 1873), Matter and Motion (1877) and An
elementary treatise on electricity (1881) etc.