738
10 Variational Problems of Functionals with Vector, Tensor …
Berlin Academy of Sciences and Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Research field
involved physics, mathematics, chemistry, psychology, ethics and philosophy, etc.
Researched the interactions of electricity and magnetism fron 1820 to 1827, discussed
the magnetic effect of live conductor, laid the foundation electrodynamics. In memory
of his outstanding contribution in electromagnetics, the unit of electric current was
named after him. The works had Recueil d’observations électro–dynamiques (1822),
Théorie des phénomènes électro–dynamiques, uniquement déduite de l’expérience
(1826), Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques
uniquement déduite de l’experience (1827) and Essai sur la philosophie des sciences,
ou, Exposition analytique d’une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances
humaines (1834, 1843) etc.
Faraday (Michael, 1791.9.22–1867.8.25) British physicist and chemist, the founder
of the theory of electromagnetic field. Born in Newington Butts, Surrey, died in
Hampton Court, Middlesex. Came into the laboratary of the Royal Institution in
Lonton in 1813, became the assistant of chemist Davy (Sir Humphry, 1778.12.17–
1829.5.29), was the director of the laboratory in 1825. Served as a professor the
first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain from
1833 to 1862. Was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824. Was elected an
academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1830. Research field
incloded electricity, magnetism, magnetooptics and electrochemistry etc. Discovered benzene in 1825. Discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon in
1835, later established the law of electromagnetic induction. Established the law of
electrolysis in 1832. Discovered the dielectric polarization in 1837 and introduced
the concept of dielectric constant. Proved the law of conservation of charge with the
experiment in 1843. Discovered diamagnetism and used the term of the magnetic
field in 1845, discovered paramagnetism in 1847. Won the Rumford (Benjamin
Thompson, Count, 1753.3.26–1814.8.21) Medal and the Royal Medal in 1846.
The works had Experimental Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii (1839), The
Chemical History of a Candle (1848) and On the Various Forces in Nature (1873)
etc.
Helmholtz (Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, 1821.8.31–1894.9.8) German physiologist and physicist, one of the founders of the law of conservation and transformation of energy. Born in Potsdam, died in Charlottenburg. Studied at the Royal
Friedrich–Wilhelm Institute of Medicine and Surgery in Berlin from 1838 to 1843,
received a doctor’s degree in medicine 1843. Was appointed a doctor of the military regiment at Potsdam from 1843 to 1848. Served as an associate professor at
the University of Königsberg and the director of the Königsberg institute of physiology in 1849–1855. As a professor at the university of Bonn in 1855. Served as
a professor at the University of Heidelberg in 1858. Served as a professor at the
University of Berlin in 1871, Served as the President of the University. Served as
the Director of the national bureau of science and technology in 1887. Served as
part–time Director of the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt in Charlottenburg
in 1888. Was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1860, became a member of the
Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1870. Made important contributions to physiology,
10 Variational Problems of Functionals with Vector, Tensor …
Berlin Academy of Sciences and Stockholm Academy of Sciences. Research field
involved physics, mathematics, chemistry, psychology, ethics and philosophy, etc.
Researched the interactions of electricity and magnetism fron 1820 to 1827, discussed
the magnetic effect of live conductor, laid the foundation electrodynamics. In memory
of his outstanding contribution in electromagnetics, the unit of electric current was
named after him. The works had Recueil d’observations électro–dynamiques (1822),
Théorie des phénomènes électro–dynamiques, uniquement déduite de l’expérience
(1826), Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques
uniquement déduite de l’experience (1827) and Essai sur la philosophie des sciences,
ou, Exposition analytique d’une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances
humaines (1834, 1843) etc.
Faraday (Michael, 1791.9.22–1867.8.25) British physicist and chemist, the founder
of the theory of electromagnetic field. Born in Newington Butts, Surrey, died in
Hampton Court, Middlesex. Came into the laboratary of the Royal Institution in
Lonton in 1813, became the assistant of chemist Davy (Sir Humphry, 1778.12.17–
1829.5.29), was the director of the laboratory in 1825. Served as a professor the
first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain from
1833 to 1862. Was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1824. Was elected an
academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1830. Research field
incloded electricity, magnetism, magnetooptics and electrochemistry etc. Discovered benzene in 1825. Discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon in
1835, later established the law of electromagnetic induction. Established the law of
electrolysis in 1832. Discovered the dielectric polarization in 1837 and introduced
the concept of dielectric constant. Proved the law of conservation of charge with the
experiment in 1843. Discovered diamagnetism and used the term of the magnetic
field in 1845, discovered paramagnetism in 1847. Won the Rumford (Benjamin
Thompson, Count, 1753.3.26–1814.8.21) Medal and the Royal Medal in 1846.
The works had Experimental Researches in Electricity, vols. i. and ii (1839), The
Chemical History of a Candle (1848) and On the Various Forces in Nature (1873)
etc.
Helmholtz (Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, 1821.8.31–1894.9.8) German physiologist and physicist, one of the founders of the law of conservation and transformation of energy. Born in Potsdam, died in Charlottenburg. Studied at the Royal
Friedrich–Wilhelm Institute of Medicine and Surgery in Berlin from 1838 to 1843,
received a doctor’s degree in medicine 1843. Was appointed a doctor of the military regiment at Potsdam from 1843 to 1848. Served as an associate professor at
the University of Königsberg and the director of the Königsberg institute of physiology in 1849–1855. As a professor at the university of Bonn in 1855. Served as
a professor at the University of Heidelberg in 1858. Served as a professor at the
University of Berlin in 1871, Served as the President of the University. Served as
the Director of the national bureau of science and technology in 1887. Served as
part–time Director of the Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt in Charlottenburg
in 1888. Was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1860, became a member of the
Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1870. Made important contributions to physiology,