7.10 To the Famous Scientists
447
theory of differential equations, Bessel function, Fourier series, differential geometry,
number theory, calculus of variations, potential theory, tensor analysis and analytic
mechanics etc. Since 1869, published a large number of papers, gave some results
of metric structure for Riemann n-dimensional space, created the theory research
of differential invariant, one of the founders of the covariant differential. In 1873,
established famous “Lipschitz condition” identifying the solution existence of differential equation, got the Cauchy–Lipschitz existence theorem. Established the system
of hypercomplex number of “Lipschitz algebra” in algebra field, laid the foundation of the branch of mathematics. The works had Wissenschaft und Staat (1874),
Bedeutung der theoretischen Mechanik (1876), Lehrbuch der Analysis (1877, 1880),
Untersuchungen über die Summen von Quadraten (1886) etc.
Laguerre (Edmond Nicolas, 1834.4.7(9)–1886.8.14) French mathematician. Born
and died in Bar–le–Duc. Studied at the École Polytechnique from 1853 to 1855.
Served as an artillery officer in 1854. Since 1864, taught at his alma mater. Since 1874
served as the entrance examination official. Since 1883 served as part-time mathematical physics professor at L’Institut de France, until his death. Was elected a member
of the French Academy of Sciences in 1884. The most famous academic achievement
was he originated a branch of geometry, in 1853 established the measuring formula
of an angle defined with cross ratio, namely the Laguerre formula, thus introduced
angle relation into projective geometry, extended the expression of virtual quantity
to space. Introduced geometry of circle-preserving transformation, now is called
the Laguerre geometry. His geometry theory was generalized, which also promoted
the development of non-Euclidean geometry. In algebra, demonstrated the Cartesian symbolic rule and generalized it. In analysis, introduced the concept of genus
to entire functions, and used it to classify the entire functions, expressed function
with continued fraction, proposed the Laguerre equation and its solution–Laguerre
polynomial. Published over 140 papers. The works had Notes sur la résolution des
équations numériques (1880), Théorie des équations numériques (1884), Oeuvres
de Laguerre (1898–1905) etc.
Poincaré (Jules Henri, 1854.4.29–1912.7.17) French mathematician, physicist and
astronomer. Born in Nancy, died in Paris. Graduated from École Polytechnique in
1875, received a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Paris in 1879.
Since 1881, served as a professor at the University of Paris. Was elected a member of
the French Academy of Sciences, served as the president of the French Academy of
Sciences act in 1906, was elected a member of L’Institut de France in 1908. Research
contents involved mathematics, physics, electromagnetics, thermodynamics, optics,
theory of elasticity, potential theory, dynamics, fluid mechanics. theory of relativity
and celestial mechanics etc. many aspects. The research on the three-body problem
about astronomy, initiated the qualitative theory of differential equations and combinatorial topology. One of the founders of automorphic function theory. Was generally
recognized as the leader in international community of mathematics at the end of the
19th century and early 20th century. Published nearly 500 papers, the works had Les
méthods nouvelles de la mécanique céleste (3 volumes, 1892-1899), La science et
l’hypothèse (1902), Lecons de mécanique céleste (3 volumes, 1905-1911) Science
447
theory of differential equations, Bessel function, Fourier series, differential geometry,
number theory, calculus of variations, potential theory, tensor analysis and analytic
mechanics etc. Since 1869, published a large number of papers, gave some results
of metric structure for Riemann n-dimensional space, created the theory research
of differential invariant, one of the founders of the covariant differential. In 1873,
established famous “Lipschitz condition” identifying the solution existence of differential equation, got the Cauchy–Lipschitz existence theorem. Established the system
of hypercomplex number of “Lipschitz algebra” in algebra field, laid the foundation of the branch of mathematics. The works had Wissenschaft und Staat (1874),
Bedeutung der theoretischen Mechanik (1876), Lehrbuch der Analysis (1877, 1880),
Untersuchungen über die Summen von Quadraten (1886) etc.
Laguerre (Edmond Nicolas, 1834.4.7(9)–1886.8.14) French mathematician. Born
and died in Bar–le–Duc. Studied at the École Polytechnique from 1853 to 1855.
Served as an artillery officer in 1854. Since 1864, taught at his alma mater. Since 1874
served as the entrance examination official. Since 1883 served as part-time mathematical physics professor at L’Institut de France, until his death. Was elected a member
of the French Academy of Sciences in 1884. The most famous academic achievement
was he originated a branch of geometry, in 1853 established the measuring formula
of an angle defined with cross ratio, namely the Laguerre formula, thus introduced
angle relation into projective geometry, extended the expression of virtual quantity
to space. Introduced geometry of circle-preserving transformation, now is called
the Laguerre geometry. His geometry theory was generalized, which also promoted
the development of non-Euclidean geometry. In algebra, demonstrated the Cartesian symbolic rule and generalized it. In analysis, introduced the concept of genus
to entire functions, and used it to classify the entire functions, expressed function
with continued fraction, proposed the Laguerre equation and its solution–Laguerre
polynomial. Published over 140 papers. The works had Notes sur la résolution des
équations numériques (1880), Théorie des équations numériques (1884), Oeuvres
de Laguerre (1898–1905) etc.
Poincaré (Jules Henri, 1854.4.29–1912.7.17) French mathematician, physicist and
astronomer. Born in Nancy, died in Paris. Graduated from École Polytechnique in
1875, received a doctorate in mathematics from the University of Paris in 1879.
Since 1881, served as a professor at the University of Paris. Was elected a member of
the French Academy of Sciences, served as the president of the French Academy of
Sciences act in 1906, was elected a member of L’Institut de France in 1908. Research
contents involved mathematics, physics, electromagnetics, thermodynamics, optics,
theory of elasticity, potential theory, dynamics, fluid mechanics. theory of relativity
and celestial mechanics etc. many aspects. The research on the three-body problem
about astronomy, initiated the qualitative theory of differential equations and combinatorial topology. One of the founders of automorphic function theory. Was generally
recognized as the leader in international community of mathematics at the end of the
19th century and early 20th century. Published nearly 500 papers, the works had Les
méthods nouvelles de la mécanique céleste (3 volumes, 1892-1899), La science et
l’hypothèse (1902), Lecons de mécanique céleste (3 volumes, 1905-1911) Science