446
7 Variational Principles
research direction of boundary value problem for the ordinary differential equation of second order, and obtained some important achievements. The first affirmed
the important significance of Galois (Evariste, 1811.10.25–1832.5.31) theory, and
arranged, published Galois posthumous works in 1846.
Chebyshev (Pafnuty Lvovich, Russian: Pafn´utii LLv´oviq Qebyxxv,
1821.5.16–1894.12.8) Russian mathematician, mechanician, Mechanical scientist,
the founder of constructive theory of functions. Born in Akadovo near Borovsk, died
in St. Petersburg. Graduated from Moscow University and won the silver medal in
1841, received a master’s degree in 1846. Taught at the St. Petersburg University
from 1847 to 1882, obtained a doctor’s degree from the St. Petersburg University
in 1849, became an associate professor in 1850, served as a professor in 1860. Was
appointed a member of the Artillery committee in 1856. Was elected an academician
of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1859, was also foreign academicians and the academic group members of the academies of sciences of many countries. Engaged in research work at the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences since
1882. Obtained the Légion d’honneur (or Legion of Honour) in 1890. In number
theory, approximation theory of functions, probability theory, mathematical analysis, functional analysis, theory of differential equations and mechanical principles
etc. all made contributions. St. Petersburg mathematical school founded by him came
forward large numbers of outstanding people, laid the foundation for the later Soviet
mathematics. The Soviet Academy of Sciences set up the Chebyshev prize in 1944.
Hermite (Charles, 1822.12.24–1901.1.14) French mathematician. Born in Dieuze,
Lorraine district, died in Paris. Attended École Polytechnique in Paris in 1842.
Received a bachelor’s degree in 1847. Served as counseler of École Polytechnique
in 1848. Was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1856. Was
elected a member of the Royal Society in 1873. Was elected a member of the French
Academy of Sciences in 1892, was also an honorary academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Served as professor of Ecole Normale Supérieure in 1862.
Served as professor of analysis of the École Polytechnique in 1869, and professor of
higher algebra of the Sorbonne University. Served as professor of higher algebra of the
Faculty of Sciences of Paris University in 1876. Was a prominent analysts of France,
made a very valuable work in theory of special functions, number theory, group
theory, higher algebra, mathematical analysis, differential equations and mechanics
etc. many aspects. Especially in 1873 proved that e is a transcendental number, this
is a very famous result. The main works had Sur quelques applications des fonctions
elliptiques (1855), Uebersicht der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen (1863) and
Cours d’Analyse de l’École Polytechnique (1873) etc.
Lipschitz (Rudolf Otto Sigismund, 1832.5.14–1903.10.7) German mathematician.
Born in Könisberg, died in Bonn. Attended University of Königsberg in 1847, Soon
transferred to University of Berlin, studied mathematics under Dirichlet, obtained
doctoral degree in 1853. Served as a professor at the University of Bonn in 1864,
later became the President. Was successively elected academicians of the Paris,
Berlin, Göttingen and Rome etc. academies of sciences. All have the contributions in
7 Variational Principles
research direction of boundary value problem for the ordinary differential equation of second order, and obtained some important achievements. The first affirmed
the important significance of Galois (Evariste, 1811.10.25–1832.5.31) theory, and
arranged, published Galois posthumous works in 1846.
Chebyshev (Pafnuty Lvovich, Russian: Pafn´utii LLv´oviq Qebyxxv,
1821.5.16–1894.12.8) Russian mathematician, mechanician, Mechanical scientist,
the founder of constructive theory of functions. Born in Akadovo near Borovsk, died
in St. Petersburg. Graduated from Moscow University and won the silver medal in
1841, received a master’s degree in 1846. Taught at the St. Petersburg University
from 1847 to 1882, obtained a doctor’s degree from the St. Petersburg University
in 1849, became an associate professor in 1850, served as a professor in 1860. Was
appointed a member of the Artillery committee in 1856. Was elected an academician
of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences in 1859, was also foreign academicians and the academic group members of the academies of sciences of many countries. Engaged in research work at the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences since
1882. Obtained the Légion d’honneur (or Legion of Honour) in 1890. In number
theory, approximation theory of functions, probability theory, mathematical analysis, functional analysis, theory of differential equations and mechanical principles
etc. all made contributions. St. Petersburg mathematical school founded by him came
forward large numbers of outstanding people, laid the foundation for the later Soviet
mathematics. The Soviet Academy of Sciences set up the Chebyshev prize in 1944.
Hermite (Charles, 1822.12.24–1901.1.14) French mathematician. Born in Dieuze,
Lorraine district, died in Paris. Attended École Polytechnique in Paris in 1842.
Received a bachelor’s degree in 1847. Served as counseler of École Polytechnique
in 1848. Was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1856. Was
elected a member of the Royal Society in 1873. Was elected a member of the French
Academy of Sciences in 1892, was also an honorary academician of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Served as professor of Ecole Normale Supérieure in 1862.
Served as professor of analysis of the École Polytechnique in 1869, and professor of
higher algebra of the Sorbonne University. Served as professor of higher algebra of the
Faculty of Sciences of Paris University in 1876. Was a prominent analysts of France,
made a very valuable work in theory of special functions, number theory, group
theory, higher algebra, mathematical analysis, differential equations and mechanics
etc. many aspects. Especially in 1873 proved that e is a transcendental number, this
is a very famous result. The main works had Sur quelques applications des fonctions
elliptiques (1855), Uebersicht der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen (1863) and
Cours d’Analyse de l’École Polytechnique (1873) etc.
Lipschitz (Rudolf Otto Sigismund, 1832.5.14–1903.10.7) German mathematician.
Born in Könisberg, died in Bonn. Attended University of Königsberg in 1847, Soon
transferred to University of Berlin, studied mathematics under Dirichlet, obtained
doctoral degree in 1853. Served as a professor at the University of Bonn in 1864,
later became the President. Was successively elected academicians of the Paris,
Berlin, Göttingen and Rome etc. academies of sciences. All have the contributions in