6 Application of Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
251
appropriate electrocatalyst to improve the rate performance of the battery. Furthermore, research on the stability of electrocatalysts should be strengthened. Finally,
there are many places in the research of secondary lithium-air battery electrocatalysts
that can be borrowed from the field of fuel cells, and this should be the starting point
for faster development [78–81].
References
1. Zhong H, Zhang H, Liu G, Liang Y, Hu J, Yi B (2006) A novel non-noble electrocatalyst for
PEM fuel cell based on molybdenum nitride. Electrochem Commun. 8:707–712
2. Ohgi Y, Ishihara A, Matsuzawa K, Mitsushima S, Ota K-i, Matsumoto M, et al. (2012) Oxygen
reduction reaction on tantalum oxide-based catalysts prepared from TaC and TaN. Electrochim
Acta 68:192–7
3. Zhou YX, Yao HB, Wang Y, Liu HL, Gao MR, Shen PK et al (2010) Hierarchical hollow
Co9S8 microspheres: solvothermal synthesis, magnetic, electrochemical, and electrocatalytic
properties. Chem-A Eur J 16:12000–12007
4. Feng Y, He T, Alonso-Vante N (2007) In situ free-surfactant synthesis and ORRelectrochemistry of carbon-supported Co3S4 and CoSe2 nanoparticles. Chem Mater 20:26–28
5. Wang H, Liang Y, Li Y, Dai H (2011) Co1− xS–Graphene hybrid: a high-performance metal
chalcogenide electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:10969–10972
6. Waki K, Wong RA, Oktaviano HS, Fujio T, Nagai T, Kimoto K et al (2014) Non-nitrogen doped
and non-metal oxygen reduction electrocatalysts based on carbon nanotubes: mechanism and
origin of ORR activity. Energ Environ Sci 7:1950–1958
7. Gong K, Du F, Xia Z, Durstock M, Dai L (2009) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with
high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science 323:760–764
8. Nagaiah TC, Kundu S, Bron M, Muhler M, Schuhmann W (2010) Nitrogen-doped carbon
nanotubes as a cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium.
Electrochem Commun 12:338–341
9. Geng D, Chen Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Li R, Sun X et al (2011) High oxygen-reduction activity and
durability of nitrogen-doped graphene. Energy Environ Sci 4:760–764
10. Chen S, Bi J, Zhao Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Ma Y et al (2012) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages as
efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Adv Mater 24:5593–5597
11. Geng D, Liu H, Chen Y, Li R, Sun X, Ye S et al (2011) Non-noble metal oxygen reduction
electrocatalysts based on carbon nanotubes with controlled nitrogen contents. J Power Sources.
196:1795–1801
12. Li Y, Zhou W, Wang H, Xie L, Liang Y, Wei F et al (2012) An oxygen reduction electrocatalyst
based on carbon nanotube-graphene complexes. Nat Nanotechnol 7:394–400
13. Wang S, Yu D, Dai L, Chang DW, Baek J-B (2011) Polyelectrolyte-functionalized graphene
as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 5:6202–6209
14. Wang S, Yu D, Dai L (2011) Polyelectrolyte functionalized carbon nanotubes as efficient
metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. J Am Chem Soc 133:5182–5185
15. Jasinski R (1964) A new fuel cell cathode catalyst
16. Bashyam R, Zelenay P (2006) A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells.
Nature 443:63–66
17. Lefèvre M, Dodelet J, Bertrand P (2002) Molecular oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells:
evidence for the simultaneous presence of two active sites in Fe-based catalysts. J Phys Chem
B 106:8705–8713
18. Xu G, Li Z, Wang S, Yu X (2010) Planar polyphthalocyanine cobalt absorbed on carbon black
as stable electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cell. J Power Sourc 195:4731–4735
251
appropriate electrocatalyst to improve the rate performance of the battery. Furthermore, research on the stability of electrocatalysts should be strengthened. Finally,
there are many places in the research of secondary lithium-air battery electrocatalysts
that can be borrowed from the field of fuel cells, and this should be the starting point
for faster development [78–81].
References
1. Zhong H, Zhang H, Liu G, Liang Y, Hu J, Yi B (2006) A novel non-noble electrocatalyst for
PEM fuel cell based on molybdenum nitride. Electrochem Commun. 8:707–712
2. Ohgi Y, Ishihara A, Matsuzawa K, Mitsushima S, Ota K-i, Matsumoto M, et al. (2012) Oxygen
reduction reaction on tantalum oxide-based catalysts prepared from TaC and TaN. Electrochim
Acta 68:192–7
3. Zhou YX, Yao HB, Wang Y, Liu HL, Gao MR, Shen PK et al (2010) Hierarchical hollow
Co9S8 microspheres: solvothermal synthesis, magnetic, electrochemical, and electrocatalytic
properties. Chem-A Eur J 16:12000–12007
4. Feng Y, He T, Alonso-Vante N (2007) In situ free-surfactant synthesis and ORRelectrochemistry of carbon-supported Co3S4 and CoSe2 nanoparticles. Chem Mater 20:26–28
5. Wang H, Liang Y, Li Y, Dai H (2011) Co1− xS–Graphene hybrid: a high-performance metal
chalcogenide electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed 50:10969–10972
6. Waki K, Wong RA, Oktaviano HS, Fujio T, Nagai T, Kimoto K et al (2014) Non-nitrogen doped
and non-metal oxygen reduction electrocatalysts based on carbon nanotubes: mechanism and
origin of ORR activity. Energ Environ Sci 7:1950–1958
7. Gong K, Du F, Xia Z, Durstock M, Dai L (2009) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with
high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction. Science 323:760–764
8. Nagaiah TC, Kundu S, Bron M, Muhler M, Schuhmann W (2010) Nitrogen-doped carbon
nanotubes as a cathode catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium.
Electrochem Commun 12:338–341
9. Geng D, Chen Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Li R, Sun X et al (2011) High oxygen-reduction activity and
durability of nitrogen-doped graphene. Energy Environ Sci 4:760–764
10. Chen S, Bi J, Zhao Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Ma Y et al (2012) Nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages as
efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Adv Mater 24:5593–5597
11. Geng D, Liu H, Chen Y, Li R, Sun X, Ye S et al (2011) Non-noble metal oxygen reduction
electrocatalysts based on carbon nanotubes with controlled nitrogen contents. J Power Sources.
196:1795–1801
12. Li Y, Zhou W, Wang H, Xie L, Liang Y, Wei F et al (2012) An oxygen reduction electrocatalyst
based on carbon nanotube-graphene complexes. Nat Nanotechnol 7:394–400
13. Wang S, Yu D, Dai L, Chang DW, Baek J-B (2011) Polyelectrolyte-functionalized graphene
as metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. ACS Nano 5:6202–6209
14. Wang S, Yu D, Dai L (2011) Polyelectrolyte functionalized carbon nanotubes as efficient
metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction. J Am Chem Soc 133:5182–5185
15. Jasinski R (1964) A new fuel cell cathode catalyst
16. Bashyam R, Zelenay P (2006) A class of non-precious metal composite catalysts for fuel cells.
Nature 443:63–66
17. Lefèvre M, Dodelet J, Bertrand P (2002) Molecular oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells:
evidence for the simultaneous presence of two active sites in Fe-based catalysts. J Phys Chem
B 106:8705–8713
18. Xu G, Li Z, Wang S, Yu X (2010) Planar polyphthalocyanine cobalt absorbed on carbon black
as stable electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cell. J Power Sourc 195:4731–4735