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temperature fuel cells. Energies 2(4):873–899
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electrocatalysts: opportunities and limitations. Energy Environ Sci 4(10):3900–3912
216. Elezovi´ c N, Babi´ c BM, Gaji´ c-Krstaji´ c L, Ercius P, Radmilovi´ c VR, Krstaji´ c N, Vraˇ car LM
(2012) Pt supported on nano-tungsten carbide as a beneficial catalyst for the oxygen reduction
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217. Hsu IJ, Hansgen DA, McCandless BE, Willis BG, Chen JG (2011) Atomic layer deposition
of Pt on tungsten monocarbide (WC) for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Phys Chem C
115(9):3709–3715
218. Yan Z, Cai M, Shen PK (2013) Nanosized tungsten carbide synthesized by a novel route at
low temperature for high performance electrocatalysis. Sci Rep 3:1646
219. Wang Y, Song S, Maragou V, Shen PK, Tsiakaras P (2009) High surface area tungsten carbide
microspheres as effective Pt catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction. Appl Catal B
89(1–2):223–228
220. Cui G, Shen PK, Meng H, Zhao J, Wu G (2011) Tungsten carbide as supports for
Pt electrocatalysts with improved CO tolerance in methanol oxidation. J Power Sources
196(15):6125–6130
221. He G, Yan Z, Cai M, Shen PK, Gao MR, Yao HB, Yu SH (2012) Ion-exchange-assisted
synthesis of Pt-VC nanoparticles loaded on graphitized carbon: a high-performance nanocomposite electrocatalyst for oxygen-reduction reactions. Chem–A Eur J 18(27):8490–8497
222. Yan Z, He G, Shen PK, Luo Z, Xie J, Chen M (2014) MoC–graphite composite as a Pt
electrocatalyst support for highly active methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction. J
Mater Chems 2(11):4014–4022
223. Ma X, Meng H, Cai M, Shen PK (2012) Bimetallic carbide nanocomposite enhanced Pt
catalyst with high activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc
134(4):1954–1957
224. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov
AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669
225. Gómez-Navarro C, Burghard M, Kern K (2008) Elastic properties of chemically derived single
graphene sheets. Nano Lett 8(7):2045–2049
226. Bunch JS, Van Der Zande AM, Verbridge SS, Frank IW, Tanenbaum DM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen PL (2007) Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science
315(5811):490–493
227. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic
strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887):385–388
228. McCann E, Fal’ko VI (2006) Landau-level degeneracy and quantum Hall effect in a graphite
bilayer. Phys Rev Lett 96(8):086805
229. Peres N, Guinea F, Neto AC (2006) Electronic properties of disordered two-dimensional
carbon. Phys Rev B 73(12):125411
230. Berger C, Song Z, Li X, Wu X, Brown N, Naud C, Mayou D, Li T, Hass J, Marchenkov
AN (2006) Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science
312(5777):1191–1196
231. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov S, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva I, Dubonos S,
Firsov, AA (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature
438(7065):197–200
232. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2010) The rise of graphene. In Nanoscience and technology: a
collection of reviews from nature journals. World Scientific, pp 11–19
233. Castro EV, Novoselov K, Morozov S, Peres N, Dos Santos JL, Nilsson J, Guinea F, Geim A,
Neto AC (2007) Biased bilayer graphene: semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric
field effect. Phys Rev Lett 99(21):216802
Y. Li et al.
213. Meng H, Shen PK (2005) Tungsten carbide nanocrystal promoted Pt/C electrocatalysts for
oxygen reduction. J Phys Chem B 109(48):22705–22709
214. Ham DJ, Lee JS (2009) Transition metal carbides and nitrides as electrode materials for low
temperature fuel cells. Energies 2(4):873–899
215. Esposito DV, Chen JG (2011) Monolayer platinum supported on tungsten carbides as low-cost
electrocatalysts: opportunities and limitations. Energy Environ Sci 4(10):3900–3912
216. Elezovi´ c N, Babi´ c BM, Gaji´ c-Krstaji´ c L, Ercius P, Radmilovi´ c VR, Krstaji´ c N, Vraˇ car LM
(2012) Pt supported on nano-tungsten carbide as a beneficial catalyst for the oxygen reduction
reaction in alkaline solution. Electrochim Acta 69:239–246
217. Hsu IJ, Hansgen DA, McCandless BE, Willis BG, Chen JG (2011) Atomic layer deposition
of Pt on tungsten monocarbide (WC) for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Phys Chem C
115(9):3709–3715
218. Yan Z, Cai M, Shen PK (2013) Nanosized tungsten carbide synthesized by a novel route at
low temperature for high performance electrocatalysis. Sci Rep 3:1646
219. Wang Y, Song S, Maragou V, Shen PK, Tsiakaras P (2009) High surface area tungsten carbide
microspheres as effective Pt catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction. Appl Catal B
89(1–2):223–228
220. Cui G, Shen PK, Meng H, Zhao J, Wu G (2011) Tungsten carbide as supports for
Pt electrocatalysts with improved CO tolerance in methanol oxidation. J Power Sources
196(15):6125–6130
221. He G, Yan Z, Cai M, Shen PK, Gao MR, Yao HB, Yu SH (2012) Ion-exchange-assisted
synthesis of Pt-VC nanoparticles loaded on graphitized carbon: a high-performance nanocomposite electrocatalyst for oxygen-reduction reactions. Chem–A Eur J 18(27):8490–8497
222. Yan Z, He G, Shen PK, Luo Z, Xie J, Chen M (2014) MoC–graphite composite as a Pt
electrocatalyst support for highly active methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction. J
Mater Chems 2(11):4014–4022
223. Ma X, Meng H, Cai M, Shen PK (2012) Bimetallic carbide nanocomposite enhanced Pt
catalyst with high activity and stability for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc
134(4):1954–1957
224. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov
AA (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306(5696):666–669
225. Gómez-Navarro C, Burghard M, Kern K (2008) Elastic properties of chemically derived single
graphene sheets. Nano Lett 8(7):2045–2049
226. Bunch JS, Van Der Zande AM, Verbridge SS, Frank IW, Tanenbaum DM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen PL (2007) Electromechanical resonators from graphene sheets. Science
315(5811):490–493
227. Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J (2008) Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic
strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321(5887):385–388
228. McCann E, Fal’ko VI (2006) Landau-level degeneracy and quantum Hall effect in a graphite
bilayer. Phys Rev Lett 96(8):086805
229. Peres N, Guinea F, Neto AC (2006) Electronic properties of disordered two-dimensional
carbon. Phys Rev B 73(12):125411
230. Berger C, Song Z, Li X, Wu X, Brown N, Naud C, Mayou D, Li T, Hass J, Marchenkov
AN (2006) Electronic confinement and coherence in patterned epitaxial graphene. Science
312(5777):1191–1196
231. Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov S, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva I, Dubonos S,
Firsov, AA (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature
438(7065):197–200
232. Geim AK, Novoselov KS (2010) The rise of graphene. In Nanoscience and technology: a
collection of reviews from nature journals. World Scientific, pp 11–19
233. Castro EV, Novoselov K, Morozov S, Peres N, Dos Santos JL, Nilsson J, Guinea F, Geim A,
Neto AC (2007) Biased bilayer graphene: semiconductor with a gap tunable by the electric
field effect. Phys Rev Lett 99(21):216802