170
Y. Li et al.
131. Tritsaris G, Greeley J, Rossmeisl J, Nørskov JK (2011) Atomic-scale modeling of particle
size effects for the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt. Catal Lett 141(7):909–913
132. Greeley J, Stephens I, Bondarenko A, Johansson TP, Hansen HA, Jaramillo T, Rossmeisl J,
Chorkendorff I, Nørskov JK (2009) Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen
reduction electrocatalysts. Nat Chem 1(7):552–556
133. Mani P, Srivastava R, Strasser P (2011) Dealloyed binary PtM3 (M= Cu Co, Ni) and ternary
PtNi3M (M= Cu Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: performance
in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 196(2):666–673
134. Koenigsmann C, Santulli AC, Gong K, Vukmirovic MB, Zhou W-P, Sutter E, Wong SS,
Adzic RR (2011) Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of processed, ultrathin, supported
Pd–Pt core–shell nanowire catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc
133(25):9783–9795
135. Yoo SJ, Kim S-K, Jeon T-Y, Hwang SJ, Lee J-G, Lee S-C, Lee K-S, Cho Y-H, Sung Y-E, Lim
T-H (2011) Enhanced stability and activity of Pt–Y alloy catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen
reduction. Chem Commun 47(41):11414–11416
136. Carpenter MK, Moylan TE, Kukreja RS, Atwan MH, Tessema MM (2012) Solvothermal
synthesis of platinum alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. J Am Chem
Soc 134(20):8535–8542
137. Yu W, Porosoff MD, Chen JG (2012) Review of Pt-based bimetallic catalysis: from model
surfaces to supported catalysts. Chem Rev 112(11):5780–5817
138. He C, Meng H, Yao X, Shen PK (2012) Rapid formation of nanoscale tungsten carbide on
graphitized carbon for electrocatalysis. Int J Hyd Energy 37(10):8154–8160
139. He C, Shen PK (2014) Pt loaded on truncated hexagonal pyramid WC/graphene for oxygen
reduction reaction. Nano Energy 8:52–61
140. Senevirathne K, Hui R, Campbell S, Ye S, Zhang J (2012) Electrocatalytic activity and durability of Pt/NbO2 and Pt/Ti4O7 nanofibers for PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction.
Electrochim Acta 59:538–547
141. Tan Y, Fan J, Chen G, Zheng N, Xie Q (2011) Au/Pt and Au/Pt 3 Ni nanowires as selfsupported electrocatalysts with high activity and durability for oxygen reduction. Chem
Commun 47(42):11624–11626
142. Wu J, Qi L, You H, Gross A, Li J, Yang H (2012) Icosahedral platinum alloy nanocrystals
with enhanced electrocatalytic activities. J Am Chem Soc 134(29):11880–11883
143. Xu X, Zhang X, Sun H, Yang Y, Dai X, Gao J, Li X, Zhang P, Wang HH, Yu NF (2014)
Synthesis of Pt–Ni alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets and enhanced electrocatalytic
properties. Angew Chem 126(46):12730–12735
144. Joo SH, Kwon K, You DJ, Pak C, Chang H, Kim JM (2009) Preparation of high loading
Pt nanoparticles on ordered mesoporous carbon with a controlled Pt size and its effects on
oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions. Electrochim Acta 54(24):5746–5753
145. Maillard F, Martin M, Gloaguen F, Leger J-M (2002) Oxygen electroreduction on carbonsupported platinum catalysts. Particle-size effect on the tolerance to methanol competition.
Electrochimica Acta 47(21):3431–3440
146. Kinoshita K (1990) Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum
in acid electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 137(3):845–848
147. Markovi´ c N, Adži´ c R, Cahan B, Yeager E (1994) Structural effects in electrocatalysis: oxygen
reduction on platinum low index single-crystal surfaces in perchloric acid solutions. J Electr
Chem 377(1–2):249–259
148. Kondo S, Nakamura M, Maki N, Hoshi N (2009) Active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction
on the low and high index planes of palladium. J Phy Chem C 113(29):12625–12628
149. Imaoka T, Kitazawa H, Chun W-J, Omura S, Albrecht K, Yamamoto K (2013) Magic
number Pt13 and misshapen Pt12 clusters: which one is the better catalyst? J Am Chem
Soc 135(35):13089–13095
150. Nesselberger M, Roefzaad M, Hamou RF, Biedermann PU, Schweinberger FF, Kunz S,
Schloegl K, Wiberg GK, Ashton S, Heiz U (2013) The effect of particle proximity on the
oxygen reduction rate of size-selected platinum clusters. Nat Mater 12(10):919–924
Y. Li et al.
131. Tritsaris G, Greeley J, Rossmeisl J, Nørskov JK (2011) Atomic-scale modeling of particle
size effects for the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt. Catal Lett 141(7):909–913
132. Greeley J, Stephens I, Bondarenko A, Johansson TP, Hansen HA, Jaramillo T, Rossmeisl J,
Chorkendorff I, Nørskov JK (2009) Alloys of platinum and early transition metals as oxygen
reduction electrocatalysts. Nat Chem 1(7):552–556
133. Mani P, Srivastava R, Strasser P (2011) Dealloyed binary PtM3 (M= Cu Co, Ni) and ternary
PtNi3M (M= Cu Co, Fe, Cr) electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction: performance
in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Power Sources 196(2):666–673
134. Koenigsmann C, Santulli AC, Gong K, Vukmirovic MB, Zhou W-P, Sutter E, Wong SS,
Adzic RR (2011) Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of processed, ultrathin, supported
Pd–Pt core–shell nanowire catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. J Am Chem Soc
133(25):9783–9795
135. Yoo SJ, Kim S-K, Jeon T-Y, Hwang SJ, Lee J-G, Lee S-C, Lee K-S, Cho Y-H, Sung Y-E, Lim
T-H (2011) Enhanced stability and activity of Pt–Y alloy catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen
reduction. Chem Commun 47(41):11414–11416
136. Carpenter MK, Moylan TE, Kukreja RS, Atwan MH, Tessema MM (2012) Solvothermal
synthesis of platinum alloy nanoparticles for oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. J Am Chem
Soc 134(20):8535–8542
137. Yu W, Porosoff MD, Chen JG (2012) Review of Pt-based bimetallic catalysis: from model
surfaces to supported catalysts. Chem Rev 112(11):5780–5817
138. He C, Meng H, Yao X, Shen PK (2012) Rapid formation of nanoscale tungsten carbide on
graphitized carbon for electrocatalysis. Int J Hyd Energy 37(10):8154–8160
139. He C, Shen PK (2014) Pt loaded on truncated hexagonal pyramid WC/graphene for oxygen
reduction reaction. Nano Energy 8:52–61
140. Senevirathne K, Hui R, Campbell S, Ye S, Zhang J (2012) Electrocatalytic activity and durability of Pt/NbO2 and Pt/Ti4O7 nanofibers for PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction.
Electrochim Acta 59:538–547
141. Tan Y, Fan J, Chen G, Zheng N, Xie Q (2011) Au/Pt and Au/Pt 3 Ni nanowires as selfsupported electrocatalysts with high activity and durability for oxygen reduction. Chem
Commun 47(42):11624–11626
142. Wu J, Qi L, You H, Gross A, Li J, Yang H (2012) Icosahedral platinum alloy nanocrystals
with enhanced electrocatalytic activities. J Am Chem Soc 134(29):11880–11883
143. Xu X, Zhang X, Sun H, Yang Y, Dai X, Gao J, Li X, Zhang P, Wang HH, Yu NF (2014)
Synthesis of Pt–Ni alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets and enhanced electrocatalytic
properties. Angew Chem 126(46):12730–12735
144. Joo SH, Kwon K, You DJ, Pak C, Chang H, Kim JM (2009) Preparation of high loading
Pt nanoparticles on ordered mesoporous carbon with a controlled Pt size and its effects on
oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation reactions. Electrochim Acta 54(24):5746–5753
145. Maillard F, Martin M, Gloaguen F, Leger J-M (2002) Oxygen electroreduction on carbonsupported platinum catalysts. Particle-size effect on the tolerance to methanol competition.
Electrochimica Acta 47(21):3431–3440
146. Kinoshita K (1990) Particle size effects for oxygen reduction on highly dispersed platinum
in acid electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 137(3):845–848
147. Markovi´ c N, Adži´ c R, Cahan B, Yeager E (1994) Structural effects in electrocatalysis: oxygen
reduction on platinum low index single-crystal surfaces in perchloric acid solutions. J Electr
Chem 377(1–2):249–259
148. Kondo S, Nakamura M, Maki N, Hoshi N (2009) Active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction
on the low and high index planes of palladium. J Phy Chem C 113(29):12625–12628
149. Imaoka T, Kitazawa H, Chun W-J, Omura S, Albrecht K, Yamamoto K (2013) Magic
number Pt13 and misshapen Pt12 clusters: which one is the better catalyst? J Am Chem
Soc 135(35):13089–13095
150. Nesselberger M, Roefzaad M, Hamou RF, Biedermann PU, Schweinberger FF, Kunz S,
Schloegl K, Wiberg GK, Ashton S, Heiz U (2013) The effect of particle proximity on the
oxygen reduction rate of size-selected platinum clusters. Nat Mater 12(10):919–924