420
Index
Finite element modelling, 112
Fixture, 239
Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 176
Force, 2, 7, 11–15, 20, 28–31, 265, 269, 270,
272–274, 279, 281, 284, 286, 287,
289–291
Friction stir additive manufacturing, 41, 81
Friction Stir Processing (FSP), 41, 79, 82
Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW), 41, 80
Friction Stir Welding (FSW), 1–8, 10, 12–
14, 16–24, 26–34, 41–58, 60–64, 66–
82, 167, 169, 181–185, 187–189
Friction Welding (FW), 195, 205, 206, 211
FSW tool, 4, 8, 10, 11, 22, 24, 28, 30
Fusion welding, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202,
203, 207, 208, 212, 224, 225
G
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 169, 173,
174
Gas Metal Arc Welding Process (GMAW),
201, 207, 209, 210
Gas-metal reactions, 197, 201
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), 169,
172, 173
Grain growth, 202, 203, 205, 208–210, 214,
216–218, 220, 224
Grain size, 47, 53, 54, 61, 67–71, 82
H
HDR imaging, 315, 316
Heat generation, 41, 43–45, 49, 50, 53–56,
67, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82
Heat input, 6, 16, 30
High energy beam welding, 231, 236
High temperature alloys, 10
I
Indirect monitoring, 269
Industrial, 41, 62, 64, 72, 73
Industrial transformation, 256, 260
Industry 1.0, 256, 257, 292
Industry 2.0, 257
Industry 3.0, 258
Industry 4.0, 253, 255, 256, 259, 261, 262,
266, 274–277, 282, 283, 285, 292
Intermetallic compound, 170, 172, 177–180,
182, 183, 185–188
Internet of Things, 259, 260, 278, 285
Interoperability, 275, 276
J
Joining configurations, 19
Joint efficiency, 1, 6, 14
K
Keyhole failure, 326
Keyhole Tungsten Inert Gas (K-TIG)
welding, 313–318, 320–332, 336,
339, 346, 348, 350, 352–354, 356–
363, 365
L
Laser Beam Welding (LBW), 169, 171, 177,
210, 224
Laser weldability, 299, 300, 304, 310, 311
Linear welding, 20–22, 30
Liquid-metal reactions, 197, 201
Low temperature alloys, 8
316L Stainless steel, 371
M
Machine learning, 255, 268–270, 272, 274,
276, 279–282, 290, 291
Magnesium alloys, 8, 15–17
Manufacture tubes, 232, 233
Marine industries, 1, 7, 28, 34
Material flow, 41, 45–47, 49, 50, 54, 56, 59,
66, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82
Material flow modelling, 117
Material properties, 140, 144, 146
Mechanical properties, 5, 7, 8, 14, 30, 105,
112, 118, 120, 122, 126, 313, 318,
346, 353, 354, 358, 360, 365
Mechanism of bond formation, 45, 82
Melting, 194–197, 204–207, 212, 214
Melting efficiency, 329
Melting temperature, 169, 170, 172, 173,
176, 182, 183
Metallurgical aspect, 61
Metallurgical processes, 195, 197, 204, 205
Metallurgical properties, 5
Micro friction stir welding, 81
Micro hardness, 371
Microstructural characterization, 361
Microstructural zones, 47, 73, 80, 211, 212
Microstructure, 53, 54, 58, 61, 66, 71–73, 75,
76, 82, 193–198, 200–202, 204–214,
216, 217, 220–223, 225
Misorientation Angle Distribution of Grain
Boundary (MADGB), 313, 353, 354,
363, 364
Index
Finite element modelling, 112
Fixture, 239
Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 176
Force, 2, 7, 11–15, 20, 28–31, 265, 269, 270,
272–274, 279, 281, 284, 286, 287,
289–291
Friction stir additive manufacturing, 41, 81
Friction Stir Processing (FSP), 41, 79, 82
Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW), 41, 80
Friction Stir Welding (FSW), 1–8, 10, 12–
14, 16–24, 26–34, 41–58, 60–64, 66–
82, 167, 169, 181–185, 187–189
Friction Welding (FW), 195, 205, 206, 211
FSW tool, 4, 8, 10, 11, 22, 24, 28, 30
Fusion welding, 194, 195, 197, 198, 202,
203, 207, 208, 212, 224, 225
G
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 169, 173,
174
Gas Metal Arc Welding Process (GMAW),
201, 207, 209, 210
Gas-metal reactions, 197, 201
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), 169,
172, 173
Grain growth, 202, 203, 205, 208–210, 214,
216–218, 220, 224
Grain size, 47, 53, 54, 61, 67–71, 82
H
HDR imaging, 315, 316
Heat generation, 41, 43–45, 49, 50, 53–56,
67, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82
Heat input, 6, 16, 30
High energy beam welding, 231, 236
High temperature alloys, 10
I
Indirect monitoring, 269
Industrial, 41, 62, 64, 72, 73
Industrial transformation, 256, 260
Industry 1.0, 256, 257, 292
Industry 2.0, 257
Industry 3.0, 258
Industry 4.0, 253, 255, 256, 259, 261, 262,
266, 274–277, 282, 283, 285, 292
Intermetallic compound, 170, 172, 177–180,
182, 183, 185–188
Internet of Things, 259, 260, 278, 285
Interoperability, 275, 276
J
Joining configurations, 19
Joint efficiency, 1, 6, 14
K
Keyhole failure, 326
Keyhole Tungsten Inert Gas (K-TIG)
welding, 313–318, 320–332, 336,
339, 346, 348, 350, 352–354, 356–
363, 365
L
Laser Beam Welding (LBW), 169, 171, 177,
210, 224
Laser weldability, 299, 300, 304, 310, 311
Linear welding, 20–22, 30
Liquid-metal reactions, 197, 201
Low temperature alloys, 8
316L Stainless steel, 371
M
Machine learning, 255, 268–270, 272, 274,
276, 279–282, 290, 291
Magnesium alloys, 8, 15–17
Manufacture tubes, 232, 233
Marine industries, 1, 7, 28, 34
Material flow, 41, 45–47, 49, 50, 54, 56, 59,
66, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 82
Material flow modelling, 117
Material properties, 140, 144, 146
Mechanical properties, 5, 7, 8, 14, 30, 105,
112, 118, 120, 122, 126, 313, 318,
346, 353, 354, 358, 360, 365
Mechanism of bond formation, 45, 82
Melting, 194–197, 204–207, 212, 214
Melting efficiency, 329
Melting temperature, 169, 170, 172, 173,
176, 182, 183
Metallurgical aspect, 61
Metallurgical processes, 195, 197, 204, 205
Metallurgical properties, 5
Micro friction stir welding, 81
Micro hardness, 371
Microstructural characterization, 361
Microstructural zones, 47, 73, 80, 211, 212
Microstructure, 53, 54, 58, 61, 66, 71–73, 75,
76, 82, 193–198, 200–202, 204–214,
216, 217, 220–223, 225
Misorientation Angle Distribution of Grain
Boundary (MADGB), 313, 353, 354,
363, 364