35. R.W. Conn, R.P. Doerner, F.C. Sze, S. Luckhardt, A. Liebscher, R. Seraydarian, D.G. Whyte,
Deuterium plasma interactions with liquid gallium. Nucl. Fusion 42, 1060–1066 (2002)
36. A. von Hippel, Zur Theorie der Kathodenzerstäubung. Ann. d. Physik. 81, 1043–1075 (1926)
37. J. Roth, W. Möller, Mechanism of enhanced sputtering of carbon at temperatures above
1200
C. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 7–8, 788–792 (1985)
38. M.W. Thompson, III. The energy spectrum of ejected atoms during the high energy sputtering
of gold. Philos. Mag. 18, 377–414 (1968)
39. M.W. Thompson, The velocity distribution of sputtered atoms. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res.
B 18, 411–429 (1987)
40. R.P. Doerner, M.J. Baldwin, D. Buchenauer, G. De Temmerman, D. Nishijima, The role of
beryllium deuteride in plasma-beryllium interactions. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 681–684
(2009)
41. M. Poon, A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Modelling deuterium release during thermal desorption of
D
+ -irradiated tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 374, 390–402 (2008)
42. J. Roth, K. Schmid, Hydrogen in tungsten as plasma-facing material. Phys. Scr. T145, 014031
(2011)
43. Y.M. Gasparyan, O.V. Ogorodnikova, V.S. Efimov, A. Mednikov, E.D. Marenkov,
A.A. Pisarev, S. Markelj, I. Čadež, Thermal desorption from self-damaged tungsten exposed
to deuterium atoms. J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1013–1016 (2015)
44. O.V. Ogorodnikova, Fundamental aspects of deuterium retention in tungsten at high flux
plasma exposure. J. Appl. Phys. 118, 074902 (2015)
45. A. Jakobs, K.W. Kehr, Theory and simulation of multiple-trapping transport through a finite
slab. Phys. Rev. B 48, 8780–8789 (1993)
46. S.I. Krasheninnikov, E.D. Marenkov, On hydrogen transport in the first wall material of fusion
devices in the presence of a broadband distribution of traps over the trapping energy. Phys.
Lett. A 378, 1526–1530 (2014)
47. K. Schmid, U. von Toussaint, T. Schwarz-Selinger, Transport of hydrogen in metals with
occupancy dependent trap energies. J. Appl. Phys. 116, 134901 (2014)
48. L. Hu, K.D. Hammond, B.D. Wirth, D. Maroudas, Dynamics of small mobile helium clusters
near tungsten surfaces. Surf. Sci. 626, L21–L25 (2014)
49. Q. Hu, S. Sharafat, N.M. Ghoniem, Modeling space-time dependent helium bubble evolution
in tungsten armor under IFE conditions. Fusion Sci. Technol. 52, 574–578 (2007)
50. D. Xu, B.D. Wirth, Modeling spatially dependent kinetics of helium desorption in BCC iron
following He ion implantation. J. Nucl. Mater. 403, 184–190 (2010)
51. S.I. Krasheninnikov, R.D. Smirnov, He cluster dynamics in fusion related plasma facing
materials. Nucl. Fusion 55, 073005 (2015)
52. M.H.J. ‘t Hoen, M. Mayer, A.W. Kleyn, H. Schut, P.A.Z. van Emmichoven, Strongly reduced
penetration of atomic deuterium in radiation-damaged tungsten. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 225001
(2013)
53. D. Perez, T. Vogel, B.P. Uberuaga, Diffusion and transformation kinetics of small helium
clusters in bulk tungsten. Phys. Rev. B 90, 014102 (2014)
54. W.G.-H. Lu, H.-B. Zhou, C.S. Becquart, A review of modelling and simulation of hydrogen
behaviour in tungsten at different scales. Nucl. Fusion 54, 086001 (2014)
55. L.M. Caspers, R.H.J. Fastenau, A. van Veen, W.F.W.M. van Heugten, Mutation of vacancies
to divacancies by helium trapping in molybdenum effect on the onset of percolation. Phys.
Status Solidi A 46, 541–546 (1978)
56. M.I. Baskes, R.H.J. Fastenau, P. Penning, L.M. Caspers, A. van Veen, On the low-temperature
nucleation and growth of bubbles by helium bombardment of metals. J. Nucl. Mater. 102,
235–245 (1981)
57. K.O.E. Henriksson, K. Nordlund, J. Keinonen, Molecular dynamics simulations of helium
cluster formation in tungsten. Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 244, 377–391 (2006)
58. D. Perez, L. Sandoval, B.P. Uberuaga, A.F. Voter, The thermodynamic and kinetic interactions of He interstitial clusters with bubbles in W. J. Appl. Phys. 119, 203301 (2016)
68
3 Plasma-Material Interactions in Magnetic Fusion Devices
Deuterium plasma interactions with liquid gallium. Nucl. Fusion 42, 1060–1066 (2002)
36. A. von Hippel, Zur Theorie der Kathodenzerstäubung. Ann. d. Physik. 81, 1043–1075 (1926)
37. J. Roth, W. Möller, Mechanism of enhanced sputtering of carbon at temperatures above
1200
C. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 7–8, 788–792 (1985)
38. M.W. Thompson, III. The energy spectrum of ejected atoms during the high energy sputtering
of gold. Philos. Mag. 18, 377–414 (1968)
39. M.W. Thompson, The velocity distribution of sputtered atoms. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res.
B 18, 411–429 (1987)
40. R.P. Doerner, M.J. Baldwin, D. Buchenauer, G. De Temmerman, D. Nishijima, The role of
beryllium deuteride in plasma-beryllium interactions. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 681–684
(2009)
41. M. Poon, A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Modelling deuterium release during thermal desorption of
D
+ -irradiated tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 374, 390–402 (2008)
42. J. Roth, K. Schmid, Hydrogen in tungsten as plasma-facing material. Phys. Scr. T145, 014031
(2011)
43. Y.M. Gasparyan, O.V. Ogorodnikova, V.S. Efimov, A. Mednikov, E.D. Marenkov,
A.A. Pisarev, S. Markelj, I. Čadež, Thermal desorption from self-damaged tungsten exposed
to deuterium atoms. J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 1013–1016 (2015)
44. O.V. Ogorodnikova, Fundamental aspects of deuterium retention in tungsten at high flux
plasma exposure. J. Appl. Phys. 118, 074902 (2015)
45. A. Jakobs, K.W. Kehr, Theory and simulation of multiple-trapping transport through a finite
slab. Phys. Rev. B 48, 8780–8789 (1993)
46. S.I. Krasheninnikov, E.D. Marenkov, On hydrogen transport in the first wall material of fusion
devices in the presence of a broadband distribution of traps over the trapping energy. Phys.
Lett. A 378, 1526–1530 (2014)
47. K. Schmid, U. von Toussaint, T. Schwarz-Selinger, Transport of hydrogen in metals with
occupancy dependent trap energies. J. Appl. Phys. 116, 134901 (2014)
48. L. Hu, K.D. Hammond, B.D. Wirth, D. Maroudas, Dynamics of small mobile helium clusters
near tungsten surfaces. Surf. Sci. 626, L21–L25 (2014)
49. Q. Hu, S. Sharafat, N.M. Ghoniem, Modeling space-time dependent helium bubble evolution
in tungsten armor under IFE conditions. Fusion Sci. Technol. 52, 574–578 (2007)
50. D. Xu, B.D. Wirth, Modeling spatially dependent kinetics of helium desorption in BCC iron
following He ion implantation. J. Nucl. Mater. 403, 184–190 (2010)
51. S.I. Krasheninnikov, R.D. Smirnov, He cluster dynamics in fusion related plasma facing
materials. Nucl. Fusion 55, 073005 (2015)
52. M.H.J. ‘t Hoen, M. Mayer, A.W. Kleyn, H. Schut, P.A.Z. van Emmichoven, Strongly reduced
penetration of atomic deuterium in radiation-damaged tungsten. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 225001
(2013)
53. D. Perez, T. Vogel, B.P. Uberuaga, Diffusion and transformation kinetics of small helium
clusters in bulk tungsten. Phys. Rev. B 90, 014102 (2014)
54. W.G.-H. Lu, H.-B. Zhou, C.S. Becquart, A review of modelling and simulation of hydrogen
behaviour in tungsten at different scales. Nucl. Fusion 54, 086001 (2014)
55. L.M. Caspers, R.H.J. Fastenau, A. van Veen, W.F.W.M. van Heugten, Mutation of vacancies
to divacancies by helium trapping in molybdenum effect on the onset of percolation. Phys.
Status Solidi A 46, 541–546 (1978)
56. M.I. Baskes, R.H.J. Fastenau, P. Penning, L.M. Caspers, A. van Veen, On the low-temperature
nucleation and growth of bubbles by helium bombardment of metals. J. Nucl. Mater. 102,
235–245 (1981)
57. K.O.E. Henriksson, K. Nordlund, J. Keinonen, Molecular dynamics simulations of helium
cluster formation in tungsten. Nucl. Inst. Meth. Phys. Res. B 244, 377–391 (2006)
58. D. Perez, L. Sandoval, B.P. Uberuaga, A.F. Voter, The thermodynamic and kinetic interactions of He interstitial clusters with bubbles in W. J. Appl. Phys. 119, 203301 (2016)
68
3 Plasma-Material Interactions in Magnetic Fusion Devices