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design strategy and consequences for materials. Nucl. Fusion 57, 092002 (2017)
24. K. Hammond, Helium, hydrogen, and fuzz in plasma-facing materials. Mater. Res. Express 4,
104002 (2017)
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C. Hardie, M. Porton, M. Gilbert, Baseline high heat flux and plasma facing materials for
fusion. Nucl. Fusion 57, 092006 (2017)
26. E.W. Thomas, R.K. Janev, J. Smith, Scaling of particle reflection coefficients. Nucl. Inst.
Methods Phys. Res. B 69, 427–436 (1992)
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ed. by P. C. Gehlen, J. R. Heeler, R. I. Jaffee, (Plenum, New York, 1972)
28. R. Frauenfelder, Solution and diffusion of hydrogen in tungsten. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 6,
388–397 (1969)
29. R.S. Nelson, An investigation of thermal spikes by studying the high energy sputtering of
metals at elevated temperatures. Philos. Mag. 11(110), 291–302 (1965)
30. E.P. Vaulin, N.E. Georgieva, T.P. Martynenko, L.V. Feoktistov, Erosion of hot refractory
metals caused by low-energy ions. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 7, 239–242 (1981)
31. V. Philipps, K. Flaskamp, E. Vietzke, Enhancement of the sputtering yield of pyrolytic
graphite at elevated temperatures. J. Nucl. Mater. 111–112, 781–784 (1982)
32. R.P. Doerner, S.I. Krasheninnikov, K. Schmid, Particle-induced erosion of materials at
elevated temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 4471–4475 (2004)
33. R.P. Doerner, M.J. Baldwin, S. Krasheninnikov, D.G. Whyte, Behavior of high temperature
liquid surfaces in contact with plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 313–316, 383–387 (2003)
34. J.P. Allain, J.N. Brooks, D.A. Alman, L.E. Gonzalez, Model development and analysis of
temperature-dependent lithium sputtering and sputtered Li
+ transport for tokamak plasmafacing applications. J. Nucl. Mater. 337–339, 94–98 (2005)
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Environmental Laboratory, Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC (2004)
13. B.J. Merrill, M. Shimada, P.W. Humrickhouse, Simulating tritium retention in tungsten with a
multiple trap model in the TMAP code. J. Plasma Fusion Res. SERIES 10, 71–75 (2013)
14. R.D. Smirnov, J. Guterl, S.I. Krasheninnikov, Modeling of multispecies dynamics in fusionrelated materials with FACE. Fusion Sci. Technol. 71, 75–83 (2017)
15. R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, J. Guterl, Atomistic modeling of growth and coalescence
of helium nano-bubbles in tungsten. J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 359–362 (2015)
16. J. Guterl, R.D. Smirnov, S.I. Krasheninnikov, B. Uberuaga, A.F. Voter, D. Perez, Modeling of
hydrogen desorption from tungsten surface. J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 263–267 (2015)
17. G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks, J.P. Coad, C. Grisolia, A.A. Haasz, A. Hassanein,
V. Philipps, C.S. Pitcher, J. Roth, W.R. Wampler, D.G. Whyte, Plasma-material interactions in
current tokamaks and their implications for next-step fusion reactors. Nucl. Fusion 41,
1967–2137 (2001)
18. R.E. Clark, D.H. Reiter, Nuclear Fusion Research: Understanding Plasma-Surface Interactions, Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 78 (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2005)
19. R. Behrisch, W. Eckstein (eds.), Sputtering by Particle Bombardment, Topics in Applied
Physics 110 (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 2007)
20. J. Roth, E. Tsitrone, A. Loarte, Plasma–wall interaction: Important ion induced surface
processes and strategy of the EU task force. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 258, 253–263
(2007)
21. B.D. Wirth, K.D. Hammond, S.I. Krasheninnikov, D. Maroudas, Challenges and opportunities
of modeling plasma–surface interactions in tungsten using high-performance
computing. J. Nucl. Mater. 463, 30–38 (2015)
22. R.E. Nygren, F.L. Tabares, Liquid surfaces for fusion plasma facing components—A critical
review. Part I: Physics and PSI. Nucl. Mater. Energy 9, 6–21 (2016)
23. G. Federici, W. Biel, M.R. Gilbert, R. Kemp, N. Taylor, R. Wenninger, European DEMO
design strategy and consequences for materials. Nucl. Fusion 57, 092002 (2017)
24. K. Hammond, Helium, hydrogen, and fuzz in plasma-facing materials. Mater. Res. Express 4,
104002 (2017)
25. Y. Ueda, K. Schmid, M. Balden, J.W. Coenen, T. Loewenhoff, A. Ito, A. Hasegawa,
C. Hardie, M. Porton, M. Gilbert, Baseline high heat flux and plasma facing materials for
fusion. Nucl. Fusion 57, 092006 (2017)
26. E.W. Thomas, R.K. Janev, J. Smith, Scaling of particle reflection coefficients. Nucl. Inst.
Methods Phys. Res. B 69, 427–436 (1992)
27. W.D. Wilson, R.A. Johnson, in Interatomic Potentials and Simulation of Lattice Defects,
ed. by P. C. Gehlen, J. R. Heeler, R. I. Jaffee, (Plenum, New York, 1972)
28. R. Frauenfelder, Solution and diffusion of hydrogen in tungsten. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 6,
388–397 (1969)
29. R.S. Nelson, An investigation of thermal spikes by studying the high energy sputtering of
metals at elevated temperatures. Philos. Mag. 11(110), 291–302 (1965)
30. E.P. Vaulin, N.E. Georgieva, T.P. Martynenko, L.V. Feoktistov, Erosion of hot refractory
metals caused by low-energy ions. Sov. J. Plasma Phys. 7, 239–242 (1981)
31. V. Philipps, K. Flaskamp, E. Vietzke, Enhancement of the sputtering yield of pyrolytic
graphite at elevated temperatures. J. Nucl. Mater. 111–112, 781–784 (1982)
32. R.P. Doerner, S.I. Krasheninnikov, K. Schmid, Particle-induced erosion of materials at
elevated temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 95, 4471–4475 (2004)
33. R.P. Doerner, M.J. Baldwin, S. Krasheninnikov, D.G. Whyte, Behavior of high temperature
liquid surfaces in contact with plasma. J. Nucl. Mater. 313–316, 383–387 (2003)
34. J.P. Allain, J.N. Brooks, D.A. Alman, L.E. Gonzalez, Model development and analysis of
temperature-dependent lithium sputtering and sputtered Li
+ transport for tokamak plasmafacing applications. J. Nucl. Mater. 337–339, 94–98 (2005)
References
67