Origami MEMS
231
to a broader audience. It should also be noted that the future of the origami MEMS
is not just confined to three-dimensional shapes that it can form, rather the dynamics
of the folding process and the effect the folding can have on the material properties
will also be of importance. The dynamics of the folding process has already been
investigated a little in the 4D printing methods that were mentioned earlier in the
chapter. Such transformable structures could form reconfigurable shapes and metamaterials. Folding realized by various techniques discussed in this chapter can have
different effects on the obtained origami structure and/or the material. Those sideeffects are yet to be studied in detail. Such exploration is imperative to develop reliable
and affordable, high-resolution multi-functional origami fabrication techniques.
References
1. Agrawal, A., Yun, T., Pesek, S.L., et al.: Shape-responsive liquid crystal elastomer bilayers.
Soft Matter 10, 1411–1415 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm51654g
2. Ahn, B.Y., Shoji, D., Hansen, C.J., et al.: Printed origami structures. Adv. Mater. 22, 2251–
2254 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200904232
3. Andres, C.M., Zhu, J., Shyu, T., et al.: Shape-morphing nanocomposite origami. Langmuir
30, 5378–5385 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/la404955s
4. Armon, S., Efrati, E., Kupferman, R., Sharon, E.: Geometry and mechanics in the opening of
chiral seed pods. Science (80-) 297, 5–9 (2002)
5. Arora, W.J., Nichol, A.J., Smith, H.I., Barbastathis, G.: Membrane folding to achieve threedimensional nanostructures: nanopatterned silicon nitride folded with stressed chromium
hinges. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 1–3 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2168516
6. Azam, A., Laflin, K.E., Jamal, M., et al.: Self-folding micropatterned polymeric containers.
Biomed. Microdevices 13, 51–58 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-010-9470-x
7. Bassik, N., Abebe, B.T., Laflin, K.E., Gracias, D.H.: Photolithographically patterned smart
hydrogel based bilayer actuators. Polymer (Guildf) 51, 6093–6098 (2010). https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.polymer.2010.10.035
8. Bassik, N., Brafman, A., Zarafshar, A.M., et al.: Enzymatically triggered actuation of miniaturized tools. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 16314–16317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1
06218s
9. Bassik, N., Stern, G.M., Gracias, D.H.: Microassembly based on hands free origami with
bidirectional curvature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 1–4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3212896
10. Behl, M., Kratz, K., Zotzmann, J., et al.: Reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymers.
Adv. Mater. 25, 4466–4469 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300880
11. Behl, M., Razzaq, M.Y., Lendlein, A.: Multifunctional shape-memory polymers. Adv. Mater.
22, 3388–3410 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200904447
12. Boncheva, M., Bruzewicz, D.A., Whitesides, G.M.: Millimeter-scale self-assembly and
its applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 621–630 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375
050621
13. Boncheva, M., Whitesides, G.M.: Templated self-assembly: Formation of folded structures
by relaxation of pre-stressed, planar tapes. Adv. Mater. 17, 553–557 (2005). https://doi.org/
10.1002/adma.200400940
14. Boothby, J.M., Ware, T.H.: Dual-responsive, shape-switching bilayers enabled by liquid
crystal elastomers. Soft Matter 13, 4349–4356 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00541e
15. Boyvat, M., Koh, J.S., Wood, R.J.: Addressable wireless actuation for multijoint folding robots
and devices. Sci. Robot. 2, 1–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aan1544
231
to a broader audience. It should also be noted that the future of the origami MEMS
is not just confined to three-dimensional shapes that it can form, rather the dynamics
of the folding process and the effect the folding can have on the material properties
will also be of importance. The dynamics of the folding process has already been
investigated a little in the 4D printing methods that were mentioned earlier in the
chapter. Such transformable structures could form reconfigurable shapes and metamaterials. Folding realized by various techniques discussed in this chapter can have
different effects on the obtained origami structure and/or the material. Those sideeffects are yet to be studied in detail. Such exploration is imperative to develop reliable
and affordable, high-resolution multi-functional origami fabrication techniques.
References
1. Agrawal, A., Yun, T., Pesek, S.L., et al.: Shape-responsive liquid crystal elastomer bilayers.
Soft Matter 10, 1411–1415 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm51654g
2. Ahn, B.Y., Shoji, D., Hansen, C.J., et al.: Printed origami structures. Adv. Mater. 22, 2251–
2254 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200904232
3. Andres, C.M., Zhu, J., Shyu, T., et al.: Shape-morphing nanocomposite origami. Langmuir
30, 5378–5385 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/la404955s
4. Armon, S., Efrati, E., Kupferman, R., Sharon, E.: Geometry and mechanics in the opening of
chiral seed pods. Science (80-) 297, 5–9 (2002)
5. Arora, W.J., Nichol, A.J., Smith, H.I., Barbastathis, G.: Membrane folding to achieve threedimensional nanostructures: nanopatterned silicon nitride folded with stressed chromium
hinges. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 1–3 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2168516
6. Azam, A., Laflin, K.E., Jamal, M., et al.: Self-folding micropatterned polymeric containers.
Biomed. Microdevices 13, 51–58 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-010-9470-x
7. Bassik, N., Abebe, B.T., Laflin, K.E., Gracias, D.H.: Photolithographically patterned smart
hydrogel based bilayer actuators. Polymer (Guildf) 51, 6093–6098 (2010). https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.polymer.2010.10.035
8. Bassik, N., Brafman, A., Zarafshar, A.M., et al.: Enzymatically triggered actuation of miniaturized tools. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 16314–16317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1
06218s
9. Bassik, N., Stern, G.M., Gracias, D.H.: Microassembly based on hands free origami with
bidirectional curvature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 1–4 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3212896
10. Behl, M., Kratz, K., Zotzmann, J., et al.: Reversible bidirectional shape-memory polymers.
Adv. Mater. 25, 4466–4469 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201300880
11. Behl, M., Razzaq, M.Y., Lendlein, A.: Multifunctional shape-memory polymers. Adv. Mater.
22, 3388–3410 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200904447
12. Boncheva, M., Bruzewicz, D.A., Whitesides, G.M.: Millimeter-scale self-assembly and
its applications. Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 621–630 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200375
050621
13. Boncheva, M., Whitesides, G.M.: Templated self-assembly: Formation of folded structures
by relaxation of pre-stressed, planar tapes. Adv. Mater. 17, 553–557 (2005). https://doi.org/
10.1002/adma.200400940
14. Boothby, J.M., Ware, T.H.: Dual-responsive, shape-switching bilayers enabled by liquid
crystal elastomers. Soft Matter 13, 4349–4356 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00541e
15. Boyvat, M., Koh, J.S., Wood, R.J.: Addressable wireless actuation for multijoint folding robots
and devices. Sci. Robot. 2, 1–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aan1544