342
W. Pfleging et al.
significantly reducing overall cell impedance. Laser nanostructured current collector
surfaces will enable the practical use of thick films and new high energy materials
such as silicon anodes or silicon doped graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. A
combination of the 3D battery concept, thick film concept, and thin film passivation of
electrodes will enable the development of a new generation of lithium-ion cells, which
will provide high energy density and high power density at the same time. Furthermore, due to enhanced cell lifetime, second life applications become realistic and
economic relevance. Laser plasma spectroscopy offers an excellent analytical tool
for coating quality control and for further optimization of the 3D electrode architecture regarding cell performance and cell degradation even for pouch cell geometries.
Future work will focus on appropriate designs and selections of advanced active materials for high-performance batteries and future battery concepts. Process up-scaling
for large electrode areas leads to a significant reduction in manufacturing costs while
maintaining or improving the overall performance and safety of the battery.
Acknowledgements We thank the financial support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in frame of the Korea-Germany Mobility Programme (01DR14018).
Furthermore, this work was supported by KIST institutional program and research grants of NRF
(NRF-2012M1A2A2671792) funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of
Science, ICT & Future, Korea. The work on laser processing and 3D battery has received funding
from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project No. 392322200). The authors thank to Dr.
Melanie Mangang, Dr. Robert Kohler, Dr. Johannes Pröll, Dr. Jung Sub Kim, and Prof. Dr. Chairul
Hudaya for their scientific and technical contributions of many years to the 3D battery concept.
References
1. J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 22(3), 587–
603 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm901452z
2. B. Scrosati, J. Garche, Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J. Power Sources 195(9),
2419–2430 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048
3. G. Amatucci, A. Du Pasquier, A. Blyr, T. Zheng, J.M. Tarascon, The elevated temperature
performance of the LiMn 2 O 4 /C system: failure and solutions. Electrochim. Acta 45(1–2),
255–271 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00209-1
4. A. Sakti, Quantification of performance and cost trajectory of Li-ion battery designs for personal
vehicle electrification in the near future. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University (2013)
5. D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S.F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos, B. Stiaszny, Future generations
of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspective. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(13), 6709–6732
(2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00361j
6. J.W. Long, B. Dunn, D.R. Rolison, H.S. White, Three-dimensional battery architectures. Chem.
Rev. 104(10), 4463–4492 (2004)
7. J.F.M. Oudenhoven, L. Baggetto, P.H.L. Notten, All-solid-state lithium-ion microbatteries: a
review of various three-dimensional concepts. Adv. Energy Mater. 1(1), 10–33 (2011). https://
doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201000002
8. R. Kohler, H. Besser, M. Hagen, J. Ye, C. Ziebert, S. Ulrich, J. Pröll, W. Pfleging, Laser microstructuring of magnetron-sputtered SnO x thin films as anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Microsyst. Technol. 17(2), 225–232 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-011-1259-1
W. Pfleging et al.
significantly reducing overall cell impedance. Laser nanostructured current collector
surfaces will enable the practical use of thick films and new high energy materials
such as silicon anodes or silicon doped graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries. A
combination of the 3D battery concept, thick film concept, and thin film passivation of
electrodes will enable the development of a new generation of lithium-ion cells, which
will provide high energy density and high power density at the same time. Furthermore, due to enhanced cell lifetime, second life applications become realistic and
economic relevance. Laser plasma spectroscopy offers an excellent analytical tool
for coating quality control and for further optimization of the 3D electrode architecture regarding cell performance and cell degradation even for pouch cell geometries.
Future work will focus on appropriate designs and selections of advanced active materials for high-performance batteries and future battery concepts. Process up-scaling
for large electrode areas leads to a significant reduction in manufacturing costs while
maintaining or improving the overall performance and safety of the battery.
Acknowledgements We thank the financial support by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in frame of the Korea-Germany Mobility Programme (01DR14018).
Furthermore, this work was supported by KIST institutional program and research grants of NRF
(NRF-2012M1A2A2671792) funded by the National Research Foundation under the Ministry of
Science, ICT & Future, Korea. The work on laser processing and 3D battery has received funding
from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Project No. 392322200). The authors thank to Dr.
Melanie Mangang, Dr. Robert Kohler, Dr. Johannes Pröll, Dr. Jung Sub Kim, and Prof. Dr. Chairul
Hudaya for their scientific and technical contributions of many years to the 3D battery concept.
References
1. J.B. Goodenough, Y. Kim, Challenges for rechargeable Li batteries. Chem. Mater. 22(3), 587–
603 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm901452z
2. B. Scrosati, J. Garche, Lithium batteries: status, prospects and future. J. Power Sources 195(9),
2419–2430 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048
3. G. Amatucci, A. Du Pasquier, A. Blyr, T. Zheng, J.M. Tarascon, The elevated temperature
performance of the LiMn 2 O 4 /C system: failure and solutions. Electrochim. Acta 45(1–2),
255–271 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00209-1
4. A. Sakti, Quantification of performance and cost trajectory of Li-ion battery designs for personal
vehicle electrification in the near future. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University (2013)
5. D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S.F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos, B. Stiaszny, Future generations
of cathode materials: an automotive industry perspective. J. Mater. Chem. A 3(13), 6709–6732
(2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ta00361j
6. J.W. Long, B. Dunn, D.R. Rolison, H.S. White, Three-dimensional battery architectures. Chem.
Rev. 104(10), 4463–4492 (2004)
7. J.F.M. Oudenhoven, L. Baggetto, P.H.L. Notten, All-solid-state lithium-ion microbatteries: a
review of various three-dimensional concepts. Adv. Energy Mater. 1(1), 10–33 (2011). https://
doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201000002
8. R. Kohler, H. Besser, M. Hagen, J. Ye, C. Ziebert, S. Ulrich, J. Pröll, W. Pfleging, Laser microstructuring of magnetron-sputtered SnO x thin films as anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Microsyst. Technol. 17(2), 225–232 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-011-1259-1