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J. Xu et al.
resolution, and speed. Secondly, the introduction of new functional materials into
fs laser 3D processing will also increase the possibilities for functionalization of
biochips and so increase the range of applications. Lastly, the miniaturization and
multi-functionalization of these microsystems, such as in the case of 3D multilayered
and multifunctional devices, will ultimately enhance the throughput, sensitivity, and
performance of the fabricated biochips. Also, the integration of the present fs laser 3D
processing method and other advanced micro/nanoprocessing techniques may lead
to the development of novel microfluidic biochips, such as organs-on-chips [4–6],
for emerging applications. Currently, fs laser 3D processing is already an attractive
technique for constructing tailor-made biomedical devices for fundamental research.
Further development and refinements will also make it possible to use this technique
for mass production.
References
1. G.M. Whitesides, The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 442, 368–373 (2006)
2. L.Y. Yeo, H.C. Chang, P.P.Y. Chan et al., Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. Small 7,
12–48 (2011)
3. E.K. Sackmann, A.L. Fulton, D.J. Beebe, The present and future role of microfluidics in
biomedical research. Nature 507, 181–189 (2014)
4. D. Huh, G.A. Hamilton, D.E. Ingber, From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell
Biol. 21, 745–754 (2011)
5. J.D. Caplin, N.G. Granados, M.R. James et al., Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology for
advancement of drug development and toxicology. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 1426–1450 (2015)
6. A. Balijepalli, V. Sivaramakrishan, Organs-on-chips: research and commercial perspectives.
Drug Discov. Today 22, 397–403 (2017)
7. J. El-Ali, P.K. Sorger, K.F. Jensen, Cells on chips. Nature 442, 403–411 (2006)
8. H. Yun, K. Kim, W.G. Lee, Cell manipulation in microfluidics. Biofabrication 5, 022001 (2013)
9. X. Mu, W. Zheng, J. Sun et al., Microfluidics for manipulating cells. Small 9, 9–21 (2013)
10. A.K. Au, W. Huynh, L.F. Horowitz et al., 3D-printed microfluidics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55,
3862–3881 (2016)
11. S. Waheed, J.M. Cabot, N.P. Macdonald et al., 3D printed microfluidic devices: enablers and
barriers. Lab Chip 16, 1993–2013 (2016)
12. C. Chen, B.T. Mehl, A.S. Munshi et al., 3D-printed microfluidic devices: fabrication, advantages
and limitations—a mini review. Anal. Methods 8, 6005–6012 (2016)
13. K. Itoh, W. Watanabe, S. Nolte et al., Ultrafast processes for bulk modification of transparent
materials. MRS Bull. 31, 620–625 (2006)
14. R.R. Gattass, E. Mazur, Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials. Nat.
Photonics 2, 219–225 (2008)
15. K. Sugioka, Y. Cheng, Femtosecond laser processing for optofluidic fabrication. Lab Chip 12,
3576–3589 (2012)
16. K. Sugioka, J. Xu, D. Wu et al., Femtosecond laser 3D micromachining: a powerful tool for
the fabrication of microfluidic, optofluidic, and electrofluidic devices based on glass. Lab Chip
14, 3447–3458 (2014)
17. R. Osellame, H.J.W.M. Hoekstra, G. Cerullo et al., Femtosecond laser microstructuring: an
enabling tool for optofluidic lab-on-chips. Laser Photonics Rev. 5, 442–463 (2011)
18. B. Xu, Y. Zhang, H. Xia et al., Fabrication and multifunction integration of microfluidic chips
by femtosecond laser direct writing. Lab Chip 13, 1677–1690 (2013)
J. Xu et al.
resolution, and speed. Secondly, the introduction of new functional materials into
fs laser 3D processing will also increase the possibilities for functionalization of
biochips and so increase the range of applications. Lastly, the miniaturization and
multi-functionalization of these microsystems, such as in the case of 3D multilayered
and multifunctional devices, will ultimately enhance the throughput, sensitivity, and
performance of the fabricated biochips. Also, the integration of the present fs laser 3D
processing method and other advanced micro/nanoprocessing techniques may lead
to the development of novel microfluidic biochips, such as organs-on-chips [4–6],
for emerging applications. Currently, fs laser 3D processing is already an attractive
technique for constructing tailor-made biomedical devices for fundamental research.
Further development and refinements will also make it possible to use this technique
for mass production.
References
1. G.M. Whitesides, The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 442, 368–373 (2006)
2. L.Y. Yeo, H.C. Chang, P.P.Y. Chan et al., Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. Small 7,
12–48 (2011)
3. E.K. Sackmann, A.L. Fulton, D.J. Beebe, The present and future role of microfluidics in
biomedical research. Nature 507, 181–189 (2014)
4. D. Huh, G.A. Hamilton, D.E. Ingber, From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips. Trends Cell
Biol. 21, 745–754 (2011)
5. J.D. Caplin, N.G. Granados, M.R. James et al., Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology for
advancement of drug development and toxicology. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 1426–1450 (2015)
6. A. Balijepalli, V. Sivaramakrishan, Organs-on-chips: research and commercial perspectives.
Drug Discov. Today 22, 397–403 (2017)
7. J. El-Ali, P.K. Sorger, K.F. Jensen, Cells on chips. Nature 442, 403–411 (2006)
8. H. Yun, K. Kim, W.G. Lee, Cell manipulation in microfluidics. Biofabrication 5, 022001 (2013)
9. X. Mu, W. Zheng, J. Sun et al., Microfluidics for manipulating cells. Small 9, 9–21 (2013)
10. A.K. Au, W. Huynh, L.F. Horowitz et al., 3D-printed microfluidics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55,
3862–3881 (2016)
11. S. Waheed, J.M. Cabot, N.P. Macdonald et al., 3D printed microfluidic devices: enablers and
barriers. Lab Chip 16, 1993–2013 (2016)
12. C. Chen, B.T. Mehl, A.S. Munshi et al., 3D-printed microfluidic devices: fabrication, advantages
and limitations—a mini review. Anal. Methods 8, 6005–6012 (2016)
13. K. Itoh, W. Watanabe, S. Nolte et al., Ultrafast processes for bulk modification of transparent
materials. MRS Bull. 31, 620–625 (2006)
14. R.R. Gattass, E. Mazur, Femtosecond laser micromachining in transparent materials. Nat.
Photonics 2, 219–225 (2008)
15. K. Sugioka, Y. Cheng, Femtosecond laser processing for optofluidic fabrication. Lab Chip 12,
3576–3589 (2012)
16. K. Sugioka, J. Xu, D. Wu et al., Femtosecond laser 3D micromachining: a powerful tool for
the fabrication of microfluidic, optofluidic, and electrofluidic devices based on glass. Lab Chip
14, 3447–3458 (2014)
17. R. Osellame, H.J.W.M. Hoekstra, G. Cerullo et al., Femtosecond laser microstructuring: an
enabling tool for optofluidic lab-on-chips. Laser Photonics Rev. 5, 442–463 (2011)
18. B. Xu, Y. Zhang, H. Xia et al., Fabrication and multifunction integration of microfluidic chips
by femtosecond laser direct writing. Lab Chip 13, 1677–1690 (2013)