352
Index
advantages of use, 317
aerospace applications, 331
applications, 204, 318
asymmetric, 207
batteries, enhancement of; see
Batteries
batteries, integration with; see under
Batteries
bipolar designs, 217, 219
cell aging; see Electrochemical cells
cell design; see Electrochemical cells
cell voltage; see Electrochemical cells
coin cells, 212
contact areas, 214
costs of, 336
coupling with other energy devices,
247–248
current collectors; see Current
collectors
cycle charging, 205–206
cylindrical cells, 212–213
efficiency, 207
frequency response, 205
heat, impact on performance, 207–208
humidity, impact on performance,
208
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), use
in; see Hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs)
lifetime, 205–206, 206–207
manufacturers of, 241. See also
specific manufacturers
memory protection, use in, 318–319
military applications, 331
modeling; see Modeling
supercapacitors
off-peak energy storage, use in, 330
overview, 203–204, 317
patents related to, 235
performance, 203
polarity, 207
portable energy sources. use as,
323–324
pouch cells, 213
power electronics, use in, 318
power quality improvement, use in,
324–326
renewable energy storage, use in, 330
self-discharging, 225–226
sensors, high-power, use in, 328
shelf life, 221
stacking, 204, 216–217
temperatures, operating, 206, 207
voltage cell balancing; see Voltage
cell balancing, electrochemical
supercapacitors
voltage decay, 221, 222–223, 224
wound cells, 214
Electrochemical cells
aging, 221, 222–223, 224
Electrodes
aqueous electrolyte solvents, 137
composite materials, 341
double-layer materials, 338–339
EDLC, 136
fabrication, 208, 209
materials used for, 126–128, 136,
208–209, 338–339, 341
materials, patented, 226, 234–235
Electrodes, polarizable, 57–58
Electrolytes, 12. See also Electrolytic
dielectrics
aqueous, 182–183, 209
decomposition, 181–182
importance of, 335
interfaces with electrodes in
supercapacitors; see under
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors
organic, 183–184
overview, 180
patents related to, 235
preparation, 209
reduction of dissolved oxygen in, 225
solid polymers, 180–182
solid state polymer; see Solid state
polymer electrolytes
stability, 180
technical challenges of, 343
Electrolytic dielectrics
advantages of, 13
aluminum, 12
capacitance, 13–14
defining, 12
tantalum, 12–13
Energy, Department of; see Department
of Energy (DOE), U.S.
Index
advantages of use, 317
aerospace applications, 331
applications, 204, 318
asymmetric, 207
batteries, enhancement of; see
Batteries
batteries, integration with; see under
Batteries
bipolar designs, 217, 219
cell aging; see Electrochemical cells
cell design; see Electrochemical cells
cell voltage; see Electrochemical cells
coin cells, 212
contact areas, 214
costs of, 336
coupling with other energy devices,
247–248
current collectors; see Current
collectors
cycle charging, 205–206
cylindrical cells, 212–213
efficiency, 207
frequency response, 205
heat, impact on performance, 207–208
humidity, impact on performance,
208
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), use
in; see Hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs)
lifetime, 205–206, 206–207
manufacturers of, 241. See also
specific manufacturers
memory protection, use in, 318–319
military applications, 331
modeling; see Modeling
supercapacitors
off-peak energy storage, use in, 330
overview, 203–204, 317
patents related to, 235
performance, 203
polarity, 207
portable energy sources. use as,
323–324
pouch cells, 213
power electronics, use in, 318
power quality improvement, use in,
324–326
renewable energy storage, use in, 330
self-discharging, 225–226
sensors, high-power, use in, 328
shelf life, 221
stacking, 204, 216–217
temperatures, operating, 206, 207
voltage cell balancing; see Voltage
cell balancing, electrochemical
supercapacitors
voltage decay, 221, 222–223, 224
wound cells, 214
Electrochemical cells
aging, 221, 222–223, 224
Electrodes
aqueous electrolyte solvents, 137
composite materials, 341
double-layer materials, 338–339
EDLC, 136
fabrication, 208, 209
materials used for, 126–128, 136,
208–209, 338–339, 341
materials, patented, 226, 234–235
Electrodes, polarizable, 57–58
Electrolytes, 12. See also Electrolytic
dielectrics
aqueous, 182–183, 209
decomposition, 181–182
importance of, 335
interfaces with electrodes in
supercapacitors; see under
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors
organic, 183–184
overview, 180
patents related to, 235
preparation, 209
reduction of dissolved oxygen in, 225
solid polymers, 180–182
solid state polymer; see Solid state
polymer electrolytes
stability, 180
technical challenges of, 343
Electrolytic dielectrics
advantages of, 13
aluminum, 12
capacitance, 13–14
defining, 12
tantalum, 12–13
Energy, Department of; see Department
of Energy (DOE), U.S.