Index
351
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors. See
also Electrochemical
supercapacitors
AC impedance equivalent circuit, 79
activated carbons, use of in design,
151, 153
adsorption of ions, effects of, 52
asymmetric, 64
batteries, versus, 91–93
capacitance, calculating, 61–62
capacitance, differential, 44–45,
47–48, 48–50, 62
capacitance, total, 64
carbon nanofibers, use of; see Carbon
nanofibers (CNFs)
carbon nanotubes, use of; see Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs)
carbon particles, use of, 59, 60, 99
charge storage, 61
charging, 69–72, 76
coupling with other energy devices,
247–248, 252–253, 256–257
critical load applications, 95
current collectors; see Current
collectors
cyclic voltammetry (CV), use of,
284–287
development of, 37
diffuse layer, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 49,
61
discharging, 69, 72–73, 73–74, 76
drop, potential, 40–41, 47–48, 50–51,
56
earliest versions, 37
electrode and electrolyte interfaces,
38, 39–45, 54–55, 56, 58, 91–92
electrode conductivity, 143
electrode layer, 107
electrode material, effects of, 51–52
electrode potential, 54–56
electrode requirements, 142
electrolyte concentrations, 61
energy densities, 79–81
energy limitations, 177–178
energy storage, 91
equivalent series resistance (ESR);
see Equivalent series resistance
(ESR)
functionalization effects, 146–150
graphene, use of; see Graphene
Helmholtz layer, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48,
52–54, 61
inner Helmholtz plane, 54, 55
leakage resistance, 69
net charge density, using GouyChapman-Stern (GCS) model,
45–46
neutrality, electric, 38
outer Helmholtz plane, 54, 55
pore structure, 144–146
power densities, 81–86, 92
Ragone plots for electrochemical
energy storage and conversion,
86–88
ranges, potential, 56–58
scattered layer, 38
series resistance in design of, 150
structure of, 62–64
supercapacitor stacking; see
Supercapacitor stacking
surface area, 143–144
symmetry, 207
templated activated carbons, use of
in design, 153–156
theory, 37
thermal fluctuation, 38, 39
traditional capacitors, versus, 136
transportation usage, 93–94
uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
systems applications, 95
windows, potential, 58
Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS)
applications, 124, 277, 294
data simulation, 302, 304
diagnostics with, 295
equivalent circuits, with, 124–125,
295–298, 300–302
measurements, 294–295
Electrochemical pseudocapacitors;
see Pseudocapacitors,
electrochemical
Electrochemical supercapacitors. See also
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors
adjustable speed drives (ASDs), use
in, 326–328
351
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors. See
also Electrochemical
supercapacitors
AC impedance equivalent circuit, 79
activated carbons, use of in design,
151, 153
adsorption of ions, effects of, 52
asymmetric, 64
batteries, versus, 91–93
capacitance, calculating, 61–62
capacitance, differential, 44–45,
47–48, 48–50, 62
capacitance, total, 64
carbon nanofibers, use of; see Carbon
nanofibers (CNFs)
carbon nanotubes, use of; see Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs)
carbon particles, use of, 59, 60, 99
charge storage, 61
charging, 69–72, 76
coupling with other energy devices,
247–248, 252–253, 256–257
critical load applications, 95
current collectors; see Current
collectors
cyclic voltammetry (CV), use of,
284–287
development of, 37
diffuse layer, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 49,
61
discharging, 69, 72–73, 73–74, 76
drop, potential, 40–41, 47–48, 50–51,
56
earliest versions, 37
electrode and electrolyte interfaces,
38, 39–45, 54–55, 56, 58, 91–92
electrode conductivity, 143
electrode layer, 107
electrode material, effects of, 51–52
electrode potential, 54–56
electrode requirements, 142
electrolyte concentrations, 61
energy densities, 79–81
energy limitations, 177–178
energy storage, 91
equivalent series resistance (ESR);
see Equivalent series resistance
(ESR)
functionalization effects, 146–150
graphene, use of; see Graphene
Helmholtz layer, 40, 41, 42, 44, 48,
52–54, 61
inner Helmholtz plane, 54, 55
leakage resistance, 69
net charge density, using GouyChapman-Stern (GCS) model,
45–46
neutrality, electric, 38
outer Helmholtz plane, 54, 55
pore structure, 144–146
power densities, 81–86, 92
Ragone plots for electrochemical
energy storage and conversion,
86–88
ranges, potential, 56–58
scattered layer, 38
series resistance in design of, 150
structure of, 62–64
supercapacitor stacking; see
Supercapacitor stacking
surface area, 143–144
symmetry, 207
templated activated carbons, use of
in design, 153–156
theory, 37
thermal fluctuation, 38, 39
traditional capacitors, versus, 136
transportation usage, 93–94
uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
systems applications, 95
windows, potential, 58
Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS)
applications, 124, 277, 294
data simulation, 302, 304
diagnostics with, 295
equivalent circuits, with, 124–125,
295–298, 300–302
measurements, 294–295
Electrochemical pseudocapacitors;
see Pseudocapacitors,
electrochemical
Electrochemical supercapacitors. See also
Electrochemical double-layer
supercapacitors
adjustable speed drives (ASDs), use
in, 326–328