350
Index
Carbon fiber paper, 217
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
amorphous nature of, 165
composite, 165–166
description, 165
doping of transition metal oxides,
use in, 171
stacking, 165
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 126, 137
bundled, 158
capacitance, 158–159
carbon onions, use of, 160–161
conductivity, 341–342
description, 156–157
fabrication, 157–158
graphite planes, 157
surface areas, 341
vertical alignment, 159–160
Carbon particles, 59, 60
Carbon powders, active, 59
Cell designs
asymmetric, 130–131
methodology, 129
symmetric, 130–131
Ceramic dielectrics, 11
Charging-discharge curves (CDCs), 277
Charging-discharging curves (CDC)
application, 291, 292
capacitance, 292, 293, 294
cycle life measurements, 294
equivalent series resistance
measurements, 292
maximum energy, 292, 294
overview, 291
power densities, 292, 294
Coulomb’s law, 3–4, 39
Current collectors
challenges associated with, 337–338
efficiency, 192
end plates, 218–219
free-standing electrodes, use in,
191–192
materials used, 190–191, 210
preparation of, 210
techniques, 191
usage, 190, 191
Cyclic voltammetry (CV), 277
double-layer supercapacitors,
capacitance characterization,
284–287
measurement, 282–283
overview, 282
pseudosupercapacitor
characterization, 289–291
scanning, 283–284, 288
two-electrode cell testing, 287–288
D
Department of Energy (DOE), U.S., 37,
247
Dielectrics
ceramic; see Ceramic dielectrics
Class I materials, 13
Class II materials, 13–14
common, 1
constant, 9–11
electrolytic; see Electrolytic
dielectrics
paper, 13
polarization mechanisms, 11
polymer; see Polymer dielectrics
strength of, 9
Dynamic random access memory
(DRAM), 319
E
E-View program, 302
Electric capacitors; see Capacitors,
electric
Electric charges, 2–4
Electric conductive polymers (ECPs), 126
Electric fields
strength of, 4
Electric potential, 4, 5
capacitor cell voltage, role in, 5–6
Electrochemical cells
single, structure and assembly of,
210–212
three-electrode cell design and
fabrication, 278, 281–282
two-electrode cell design and
fabrication, 278, 280, 281
voltage, 204–205
Index
Carbon fiber paper, 217
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs)
amorphous nature of, 165
composite, 165–166
description, 165
doping of transition metal oxides,
use in, 171
stacking, 165
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 126, 137
bundled, 158
capacitance, 158–159
carbon onions, use of, 160–161
conductivity, 341–342
description, 156–157
fabrication, 157–158
graphite planes, 157
surface areas, 341
vertical alignment, 159–160
Carbon particles, 59, 60
Carbon powders, active, 59
Cell designs
asymmetric, 130–131
methodology, 129
symmetric, 130–131
Ceramic dielectrics, 11
Charging-discharge curves (CDCs), 277
Charging-discharging curves (CDC)
application, 291, 292
capacitance, 292, 293, 294
cycle life measurements, 294
equivalent series resistance
measurements, 292
maximum energy, 292, 294
overview, 291
power densities, 292, 294
Coulomb’s law, 3–4, 39
Current collectors
challenges associated with, 337–338
efficiency, 192
end plates, 218–219
free-standing electrodes, use in,
191–192
materials used, 190–191, 210
preparation of, 210
techniques, 191
usage, 190, 191
Cyclic voltammetry (CV), 277
double-layer supercapacitors,
capacitance characterization,
284–287
measurement, 282–283
overview, 282
pseudosupercapacitor
characterization, 289–291
scanning, 283–284, 288
two-electrode cell testing, 287–288
D
Department of Energy (DOE), U.S., 37,
247
Dielectrics
ceramic; see Ceramic dielectrics
Class I materials, 13
Class II materials, 13–14
common, 1
constant, 9–11
electrolytic; see Electrolytic
dielectrics
paper, 13
polarization mechanisms, 11
polymer; see Polymer dielectrics
strength of, 9
Dynamic random access memory
(DRAM), 319
E
E-View program, 302
Electric capacitors; see Capacitors,
electric
Electric charges, 2–4
Electric conductive polymers (ECPs), 126
Electric fields
strength of, 4
Electric potential, 4, 5
capacitor cell voltage, role in, 5–6
Electrochemical cells
single, structure and assembly of,
210–212
three-electrode cell design and
fabrication, 278, 281–282
two-electrode cell design and
fabrication, 278, 280, 281
voltage, 204–205