-Z
Im , Ω.cm 2
480 KHz
2.5 Hz
0.1 Hz
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
R esr = 0.1 Ω.cm
2
R esr = 0.5 Ω.cm
2
R esr = 1.0 Ω.cm
2
R P = 5000 Ω.cm
2
C F = 1.0 F.cm
–2
C dl = 0.2 F.cm
–2
R ct = 0.16 W.cm
2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6

Z R , Ω.cm
2

(a)

Z
Im , Ω.cm
2
C dl = 0.2 F.cm
–2
C dl = 0.6 F.cm
–2
480 KHz
13 Hz
0.2 Hz
C dl = 0.01 F.cm
–2
1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
R P = 5000 Ω.cm
2
C F = 1.0 F.cm
–2
R esr = 0.3 W.cm
2
R ct = 0.16 W.cm
2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Z R , Ω.cm
2
(b)
299
Characterization and Diagnosis Techniques
FIGURE 7.11
Calculated Nyquist plots according to Equation (7.28) to show effects of equivalent resistance
(R esr ) (a) and double-layer capacitance (C dl ). The magnitudes of other parameters used to calculate these plots are also shown.