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with carbon (2), titanium bipolar plates, and CNT–polypyrrole composite (1).
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for active equalization of voltages. Main . 1–6.
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performance, reliability, and lifetime of supercapacitor systems. Electronics, 41,
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19. Kötz, R., M. Hahn, and R. Gallay. 2006. Temperature behavior and impedance
fundamentals of supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 154, 550–555.
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acetonitrile-based electrolyte at elevated voltages. Electrochimica Acta, 55,
4412–4420.
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used in supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon , 46, 1829–1840.
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246
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery
model for spirally wound large format lithium ion batteries. In Proceedings of
218th ECS Meeting, NREL/PR-5400-49795.
10. Shiue, L., R. Cheng, and C. Chun-Shen. 2004. Supercapacitor with High Energy
Density. U.S. Patent 6,762,926.
11. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors, New York: Plenum.
12. Tectate Ultracap 162V 25F Module (online). http://www.tecategroup.com/store/
index.php?main_page = product_info&cPath = 26_30_73&products_id = 1225
[accessed April 5, 2012].
13. Maxwell Technologies (online). www.maxwell.com [accessed February 12,
2012].
14. Zhou, X., C. Peng, and G. Z. Chen. 2012. 20-V stack of aqueous supercapacitors
with carbon (2), titanium bipolar plates, and CNT–polypyrrole composite (1).
AIChE Journal, 58.
15. Fritts, D. 1977. Electrode Assembly for Bipolar Battery. U.S. Patent 4,022,952.
16. Barrade, P. Series connection of supercapacitors: comparative study of solutions
for active equalization of voltages. Main . 1–6.
17. Linzen, D. et al. 2005. Analysis and evaluation of charge balancing circuits on
performance, reliability, and lifetime of supercapacitor systems. Electronics, 41,
1135–1141.
18. Sharma, P. and T. S. Bhatti. 2010. Review of electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 2901–2912.
19. Kötz, R., M. Hahn, and R. Gallay. 2006. Temperature behavior and impedance
fundamentals of supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 154, 550–555.
20. Bohlen, O., J. Kowal, and D. U. Sauer. 2007. Aging behaviour of electrochemical
double-layer capacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 172, 468–475.
21. Ruch, P. W. et al. 2010. Aging of electrochemical double-layer capacitors with
acetonitrile-based electrolyte at elevated voltages. Electrochimica Acta, 55,
4412–4420.
22. Zhu, M. et al. 2008. Chemical and electrochemical aging of carbon materials
used in supercapacitor electrodes. Carbon , 46, 1829–1840.
23. Conway, B. E. 1999. Electrochemical Supercapacitors, New York: Plenum.
24. U. S. Department of Energy. 2007. Basic Research Needs for Electrical Energy
Storage.
25. Ruegg, R. and P. Thomas. 2008. Linkages of DOE’s Energy Storage R&D to
Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid, and Electric Vehicles.
26. Ahern, C. 2009.
Market Overview: Supercapacitors (online). http://www.
foresightst.com/
27. Davies, A. and A. Yu. 2011. Material advancements in supercapacitors: from
activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene. Canadian Journal of Chemical
Engineering, 89, 1342–1357.
246
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Delivery