1. Gualous, H. et al. 2010. Supercapacitor ageing at constant temperature and constant voltage and thermal shock. Microelectronics Reliability, 50, 1783–1788.
2. Stoller, M. D. et al. 2008. Graphene-based ultracapacitor. Nanoletters, 8,
3498–3502.
3. Reddy, A. L. M. and S. Ramaprabhu. 2007. Nanocrystalline metal oxide dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes as supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of
Physical Chemistry C, 111, 7727–7734.
4. Simon, P. and Y. Gogotsi. 2008. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nature:
Materials, 7, 845–854.
5. Electropedia: Cell Construction (online). http://www.mpoweruk.com/cell_construction.htm [accessed April 5, 2012].
6. How Coin and Multilayer Electric Double Layer Capacitors Are Manufactured
(online).
http://www.elna.co.jp/en/capacitor/double_layer/manufacture.
html [accessed April 5, 2012].
7. Ultracapacitor k2 Series (online). http://www.maxwell.com/products/
ultracapacitors/products/k2-series
8. Cap-XX Photo Gallery (online). http://www.cap-xx.com/news/photogallery.
htm [accessed April 5, 2012].
245
Electrochemical Supercapacitor Design, Fabrication, and Operation
offers high energy density cells developed from pseudocapacitive materials
that have greater energy storage capabilities but shorter cycle lives. Their
cells are popular in solar-powered applications.
5.10 Summary
Problems pertaining to the current distribution of supercapacitor devices
arise from cell arrangement and assembly. Dominant effects in scale-up are
the ohmic drops caused by interparticle resistance within a carbon or oxide
matrix and outer particle surface contacts. For large-scale industry applications, the detrimental effects from these dynamics can substantially affect
power performance.
The use of bipolar electrodes in devices requiring multiple electrodes for
high voltage can avoid macroscopic resistance caused by the lateral contacts of separate electrode matrices and non-uniform current distributions.
Excellent contact of endplates and bipolar electrode surfaces are still required
to maintain minimal ESR during charge and discharge, and can be accomplished through surface treatments of the current collector and application
of an optimal compressive force across the cell.
References
2. Stoller, M. D. et al. 2008. Graphene-based ultracapacitor. Nanoletters, 8,
3498–3502.
3. Reddy, A. L. M. and S. Ramaprabhu. 2007. Nanocrystalline metal oxide dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes as supercapacitor electrodes. Journal of
Physical Chemistry C, 111, 7727–7734.
4. Simon, P. and Y. Gogotsi. 2008. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nature:
Materials, 7, 845–854.
5. Electropedia: Cell Construction (online). http://www.mpoweruk.com/cell_construction.htm [accessed April 5, 2012].
6. How Coin and Multilayer Electric Double Layer Capacitors Are Manufactured
(online).
http://www.elna.co.jp/en/capacitor/double_layer/manufacture.
html [accessed April 5, 2012].
7. Ultracapacitor k2 Series (online). http://www.maxwell.com/products/
ultracapacitors/products/k2-series
8. Cap-XX Photo Gallery (online). http://www.cap-xx.com/news/photogallery.
htm [accessed April 5, 2012].
245
Electrochemical Supercapacitor Design, Fabrication, and Operation
offers high energy density cells developed from pseudocapacitive materials
that have greater energy storage capabilities but shorter cycle lives. Their
cells are popular in solar-powered applications.
5.10 Summary
Problems pertaining to the current distribution of supercapacitor devices
arise from cell arrangement and assembly. Dominant effects in scale-up are
the ohmic drops caused by interparticle resistance within a carbon or oxide
matrix and outer particle surface contacts. For large-scale industry applications, the detrimental effects from these dynamics can substantially affect
power performance.
The use of bipolar electrodes in devices requiring multiple electrodes for
high voltage can avoid macroscopic resistance caused by the lateral contacts of separate electrode matrices and non-uniform current distributions.
Excellent contact of endplates and bipolar electrode surfaces are still required
to maintain minimal ESR during charge and discharge, and can be accomplished through surface treatments of the current collector and application
of an optimal compressive force across the cell.
References