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CO;2
Kushnir Y, Wallace JM (1989) Low frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter,
geographical distribution, structure and time dependence. J Atmos Sci 46:3122–3142. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046%3C1411:IOLAHF%3E2.0.CO;2
Kushnir Y, Robinson WA, Blad I et al (2002) Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST
anomalies: synthesis and evaluation. J Clim 15:2233–2256. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2002)015%3C2233:AGRTES%3E2.0.CO;2
Lee S, Kim HK (2003) The dynamical relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets. J
Atmos Sci 60:1490–1503. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3C1490:TDRBSA%
3E2.0.CO;2
Lee BD, Wilhelmson RB (1997) The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part II:
Evolution of a family of tornadoes along a weak outflow boundary. J Atmos Sci 54:2387–2415.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2387:TNSONT>2.0.CO;2
Lelieveld J, Berresheim H, Borrmann S et al (2002) Global air pollution crossroads over the
Mediterranean. Science 298:794–799. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075457
Li Y, Lau NC (2012) Impact of ENSO in the atmospheric variability over the North Atlantic in late
winter—Role of transient eddies. J Clim 25:320–342. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-1100037.1
Li SL, Robinson WA, Hoerling MP, Weickmann KM (2007) Dynamics of the extratropical
response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly. J Clim 20:560–574. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI4014.1
Li W, Li L, Ting M et al (2012) Intensification of Northern Hemisphere subtropical highs in a
warming climate. Nat Geosci 5:830–834. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1590
Lionello P et al (2006) The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and
issues. In: Lionello P, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Boscolo R (eds) Mediterranean climate variability.
Elsevier, pp 1–26
Lu J, Vecchi G, Reichler T (2007) Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys
Res Lett 34:L06805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443
Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK (2000) Long-term variability in the El Niño Southern
Oscillation and associated teleconnections. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V (eds) El Niño and the
Southern Oscillation: multi-scale variability and its impacts on natural ecosystems and society.
Cambridge University Press, pp 321–372
Mariotti A, Struglia MV, Zeng N, Lau KM (2002) The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean
region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea. J Clim 15:1674–1690.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3C1674:THCITM%3E2.0.CO;2
Mariotti A, Pan Y, Zeng N et al (2015) Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the
midst of decadal variability. Clim Dynam 44:1437–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0152487-3
Marshall J, Kushnir Y, Battisti D et al (2001) North Atlantic climate variability, phenomena,
impacts and mechanisms. Int J Climatol 21:1863–1898. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.693
Martius O, Zenklusen E, Schwierz C et al (2006) Episodes of Alpine heavy precipitation with an
overlying elongated stratospheric intrusion: a climatology. Int J Climatol 26:1149–1164. https://
doi.org/10.1002/joc.1295
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies HC (2007) Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime
northern hemisphere: climatological analyses of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2
classification. J Atmos Sci 64:2576–2592. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3977.1
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies HC (2010) Tropopause-level waveguides. J Atmos Sci 67(3):866–
879. Retrieved Mar 29, 2021, from https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/67/3/
2009jas2995.1.x
76
J. M. Sánchez-Laulhé et al.
Geophys Res 115(doi):D19115. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013675
Kushnir Y, Held IM (1996) Equilibrium atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies. J
Clim 9:1208–1220. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009%3C1208:EARTNA%3E2.0.
CO;2
Kushnir Y, Wallace JM (1989) Low frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter,
geographical distribution, structure and time dependence. J Atmos Sci 46:3122–3142. https://
doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046%3C1411:IOLAHF%3E2.0.CO;2
Kushnir Y, Robinson WA, Blad I et al (2002) Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST
anomalies: synthesis and evaluation. J Clim 15:2233–2256. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442
(2002)015%3C2233:AGRTES%3E2.0.CO;2
Lee S, Kim HK (2003) The dynamical relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets. J
Atmos Sci 60:1490–1503. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3C1490:TDRBSA%
3E2.0.CO;2
Lee BD, Wilhelmson RB (1997) The numerical simulation of nonsupercell tornadogenesis. Part II:
Evolution of a family of tornadoes along a weak outflow boundary. J Atmos Sci 54:2387–2415.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2387:TNSONT>2.0.CO;2
Lelieveld J, Berresheim H, Borrmann S et al (2002) Global air pollution crossroads over the
Mediterranean. Science 298:794–799. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075457
Li Y, Lau NC (2012) Impact of ENSO in the atmospheric variability over the North Atlantic in late
winter—Role of transient eddies. J Clim 25:320–342. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-1100037.1
Li SL, Robinson WA, Hoerling MP, Weickmann KM (2007) Dynamics of the extratropical
response to a tropical Atlantic SST anomaly. J Clim 20:560–574. https://doi.org/10.1175/
JCLI4014.1
Li W, Li L, Ting M et al (2012) Intensification of Northern Hemisphere subtropical highs in a
warming climate. Nat Geosci 5:830–834. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1590
Lionello P et al (2006) The Mediterranean climate: an overview of the main characteristics and
issues. In: Lionello P, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Boscolo R (eds) Mediterranean climate variability.
Elsevier, pp 1–26
Lu J, Vecchi G, Reichler T (2007) Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys
Res Lett 34:L06805. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443
Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK (2000) Long-term variability in the El Niño Southern
Oscillation and associated teleconnections. In: Diaz HF, Markgraf V (eds) El Niño and the
Southern Oscillation: multi-scale variability and its impacts on natural ecosystems and society.
Cambridge University Press, pp 321–372
Mariotti A, Struglia MV, Zeng N, Lau KM (2002) The hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean
region and implications for the water budget of the Mediterranean Sea. J Clim 15:1674–1690.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3C1674:THCITM%3E2.0.CO;2
Mariotti A, Pan Y, Zeng N et al (2015) Long-term climate change in the Mediterranean region in the
midst of decadal variability. Clim Dynam 44:1437–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-0152487-3
Marshall J, Kushnir Y, Battisti D et al (2001) North Atlantic climate variability, phenomena,
impacts and mechanisms. Int J Climatol 21:1863–1898. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.693
Martius O, Zenklusen E, Schwierz C et al (2006) Episodes of Alpine heavy precipitation with an
overlying elongated stratospheric intrusion: a climatology. Int J Climatol 26:1149–1164. https://
doi.org/10.1002/joc.1295
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies HC (2007) Breaking waves at the tropopause in the wintertime
northern hemisphere: climatological analyses of the orientation and the theoretical LC1/2
classification. J Atmos Sci 64:2576–2592. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3977.1
Martius O, Schwierz C, Davies HC (2010) Tropopause-level waveguides. J Atmos Sci 67(3):866–
879. Retrieved Mar 29, 2021, from https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/67/3/
2009jas2995.1.x
76
J. M. Sánchez-Laulhé et al.