MEA - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis.
Island Press, Washington, DC
Moning C, Muller J (2009) Critical forest age thresholds for the diversity of lichens, molluscs and
birds in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominated forests. Ecol Indic 9:922–932
Moning C, Werth S, Dziock F et al (2009) Lichen diversity in temperate montane forests is
influenced by forest structure more than climate. For Ecol Manag 258:745–751
Morin X, Fahse L, de Mazancourt C, Scherer-Lorenzen M et al (2014) Temporal stability in forest
productivity increases with tree diversity due to asynchrony in species dynamics. Ecol Lett
17:1526–1535
Murray DL, Peers MJL, Majchrzak YN et al (2017) Continental divide: Predicting climatemediated fragmentation and biodiversity loss in the boreal forest. PLoS One 12:e0176706
Musavi T, Migliavacca M, Reichstein M et al (2017) Stand age and species richness dampen
interannual variation of ecosystem-level photosynthetic capacity. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0048
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots
for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858
Nice CC, Fordyce JA, Bell KL et al (2019) Vertical differentiation in tropical forest butterflies: a
novel mechanism generating insect diversity? Biol Lett 15:20180723
Nordén B, Dahlberg A, Brandrud TE et al (2014) Effects of ecological continuity on species
richness and composition in forests and woodlands: a review. Ecoscience 21:34–45
Novotny V, Drozd P, Miller SE et al (2006) Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in
tropical rainforests? Science 313:1115–1118
Ohlson M, Söderström L, Hörnberg G et al (1997) Habitat qualities versus long-term continuity as
determinants of biodiversity in boreal old-growth swamp forests. Biol Conserv 81:221–231
Paillet Y, Bergès L, Hjältén J et al (2010) Biodiversity differences between managed and
unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe. Conserv Biol 24(24):101–112
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J et al (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests.
Science 333:988–993
Paquette A, Messier C (2011) The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to
boreal forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:170–180
Penone C, Allan E, Soliveres S et al (2019) Specialisation and diversity of multiple trophic groups
are promoted by different forest features. Ecol Lett 22:170–180
Perring MP, De Frenne P, Baeten L et al (2016) Global environmental change effects on ecosystems: the importance of land-use legacies. Glob Chang Biol 22:1361–1371
Peterken GF (1977) Habitat conservation priorities in British and European woodlands. Biol
Conserv 11:223–236
Phoenix GK, Emmett BA, Britton AJ et al (2012) Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition:
responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long-term field
experiments. Glob Chang Biol 18:1197–1215
Pimm SL, Raven P (2000) Biodiversity - extinction by numbers. Nature 403:843–845
Popkin G (2019) The forest question. Nature 565:280–282
Rackham O (1980) Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses in England. Arnold, London
Ratcliffe S, Wirth C, Jucker T et al (2017) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in
European forests depend on environmental context. Ecol Lett 20:1414–1426
Rejmanek M, Richardson DM (2013) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species-2013 update of the
global database. Divers Distrib 19:1093–1094
Richardson DM, Rejmanek M (2011) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species - a global review.
Divers Distrib 17:788–809
Schmid B, Niklaus PA (2017) Complementary canopies. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0104
Schnabel F, Schwarz JA, Dănescu A et al (2019) Drivers of productivity and its temporal stability in
a tropical tree diversity experiment. Glob Chang Biol 25:4257–4272
Scholes RJ, Schulze ED, Pitelka LF, Hall DO (1999) Biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. In:
Walker BH, Steffen WL, Canadell J, Ingram JSI (eds) The terrestrial biosphere and global
404
A. Fichtner and W. Härdtle
Island Press, Washington, DC
Moning C, Muller J (2009) Critical forest age thresholds for the diversity of lichens, molluscs and
birds in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominated forests. Ecol Indic 9:922–932
Moning C, Werth S, Dziock F et al (2009) Lichen diversity in temperate montane forests is
influenced by forest structure more than climate. For Ecol Manag 258:745–751
Morin X, Fahse L, de Mazancourt C, Scherer-Lorenzen M et al (2014) Temporal stability in forest
productivity increases with tree diversity due to asynchrony in species dynamics. Ecol Lett
17:1526–1535
Murray DL, Peers MJL, Majchrzak YN et al (2017) Continental divide: Predicting climatemediated fragmentation and biodiversity loss in the boreal forest. PLoS One 12:e0176706
Musavi T, Migliavacca M, Reichstein M et al (2017) Stand age and species richness dampen
interannual variation of ecosystem-level photosynthetic capacity. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0048
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots
for conservation priorities. Nature 403:853–858
Nice CC, Fordyce JA, Bell KL et al (2019) Vertical differentiation in tropical forest butterflies: a
novel mechanism generating insect diversity? Biol Lett 15:20180723
Nordén B, Dahlberg A, Brandrud TE et al (2014) Effects of ecological continuity on species
richness and composition in forests and woodlands: a review. Ecoscience 21:34–45
Novotny V, Drozd P, Miller SE et al (2006) Why are there so many species of herbivorous insects in
tropical rainforests? Science 313:1115–1118
Ohlson M, Söderström L, Hörnberg G et al (1997) Habitat qualities versus long-term continuity as
determinants of biodiversity in boreal old-growth swamp forests. Biol Conserv 81:221–231
Paillet Y, Bergès L, Hjältén J et al (2010) Biodiversity differences between managed and
unmanaged forests: meta-analysis of species richness in Europe. Conserv Biol 24(24):101–112
Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J et al (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests.
Science 333:988–993
Paquette A, Messier C (2011) The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to
boreal forests. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 20:170–180
Penone C, Allan E, Soliveres S et al (2019) Specialisation and diversity of multiple trophic groups
are promoted by different forest features. Ecol Lett 22:170–180
Perring MP, De Frenne P, Baeten L et al (2016) Global environmental change effects on ecosystems: the importance of land-use legacies. Glob Chang Biol 22:1361–1371
Peterken GF (1977) Habitat conservation priorities in British and European woodlands. Biol
Conserv 11:223–236
Phoenix GK, Emmett BA, Britton AJ et al (2012) Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition:
responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long-term field
experiments. Glob Chang Biol 18:1197–1215
Pimm SL, Raven P (2000) Biodiversity - extinction by numbers. Nature 403:843–845
Popkin G (2019) The forest question. Nature 565:280–282
Rackham O (1980) Ancient woodland: its history, vegetation and uses in England. Arnold, London
Ratcliffe S, Wirth C, Jucker T et al (2017) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in
European forests depend on environmental context. Ecol Lett 20:1414–1426
Rejmanek M, Richardson DM (2013) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species-2013 update of the
global database. Divers Distrib 19:1093–1094
Richardson DM, Rejmanek M (2011) Trees and shrubs as invasive alien species - a global review.
Divers Distrib 17:788–809
Schmid B, Niklaus PA (2017) Complementary canopies. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0104
Schnabel F, Schwarz JA, Dănescu A et al (2019) Drivers of productivity and its temporal stability in
a tropical tree diversity experiment. Glob Chang Biol 25:4257–4272
Scholes RJ, Schulze ED, Pitelka LF, Hall DO (1999) Biogeochemistry of terrestrial ecosystems. In:
Walker BH, Steffen WL, Canadell J, Ingram JSI (eds) The terrestrial biosphere and global
404
A. Fichtner and W. Härdtle