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289:2058–2059
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biodiversity science. Nat Clim Chang 9:82–87
Seibold S, Brandl R, Buse J et al (2015) Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with
ecological degradation of forests in Europe. Conserv Biol 29:382–390
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species in the field. Nature 388:579–582
Simard SW, Beiler KJ, Bingham MA et al (2012) Mycorrhizal networks: mechanisms, ecology and
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van der Plas F (2019) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities.
Biol Rev 94:1220–1245
van der Plas F, Manning P, Allan E et al (2016) Jack-of-all-trades effects drive biodiversity–
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van der Plas F, Ratcliffe S, Ruiz-Benito P et al (2018) Continental mapping of forest ecosystem
functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality. Ecol Lett
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von Oheimb G, Härdtle W, Naumann PS et al (2008) Long-term effects of historical heathland
farming on soil properties of forest ecosystems. For Ecol Manag 255:1984–1993
Watson JEM, Evans T, Venter O et al (2018) The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nat
Ecol Evol 2:599–610
Williams LJ, Paquette A, Cavender-Bares J et al (2017) Spatial complementarity in tree crowns
explains over yielding in species mixtures. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0063
Wright AJ, Wardle DA, Callaway R, Gaxiola A (2017) The overlooked role of facilitation in
biodiversity experiments. Trends Ecol Evol 32:383–390
Zhang Y, Chen HYH, Reich PB (2012) Forest productivity increases with evenness, species
richness and trait variation: a global meta-analysis. J Ecol 100:742–749
Zhang T, Niinemets Ü, Sheffield J et al (2018) Shifts in tree functional composition amplify the
response of forest biomass to climate. Nature 556:99–102
Forest Ecosystems: A Functional and Biodiversity Perspective
405
Schuldt A, Assmann T, Brezzi M et al (2018) Biodiversity across trophic levels drives
multifunctionality in highly diverse forests. Nat Commun 9:2989
Schuldt A, Ebeling A, Kunz M et al (2019) Multiple plant diversity components drive consumer
communities across ecosystems. Nat Commun 10:1460
Schulze ED, Wirth C, Heimann M (2000) Climate change - managing forests after Kyoto. Science
289:2058–2059
Seddon N, Turner B, Berry P et al (2019) Grounding nature-based climate solutions in sound
biodiversity science. Nat Clim Chang 9:82–87
Seibold S, Brandl R, Buse J et al (2015) Association of extinction risk of saproxylic beetles with
ecological degradation of forests in Europe. Conserv Biol 29:382–390
Sherratt TN, Wilkinson DM (2009) Big questions in ecology and evolution. Oxford University
Press, Oxford, 297pp
Simard SW, Perry DA, Jones MD et al (1997) Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree
species in the field. Nature 388:579–582
Simard SW, Beiler KJ, Bingham MA et al (2012) Mycorrhizal networks: mechanisms, ecology and
modelling. Fungal Biol Rev 26:39–60
Stephenson NL, Das AJ, Condit R et al (2014) Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases
continuously with tree size. Nature 507:90–93
Stoll P, Weiner J (2000) A neighborhood view of interactions among individual plants. In:
Dieckmand RL, Law R, Metz JAJ (eds) The geometry of ecological interactions: simplifying
spatial complexity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 11–27
Stork NE, Boyle TJB, Dale V et al (1997) Criteria and indicators for assessing the sustainability of
forest management: conservation of biodiversity. CIFOR Working Paper No. 17. Jakarta,
Indonesia, CIFOR
Stork NE, McBroom J, Gely C et al (2015) New approaches narrow global species estimates for
beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:7519–7523
Temperton VM, Buchmann N, Buisson E et al (2019) Step back from the forest and step up to the
Bonn challenge: how a broad ecological perspective can promote successful landscape restoration. Restor Ecol 27:705–719
Tererai F, Gaertner M, Jacobs SM, Richardson DM (2013) Eucalyptus invasions in riparian forests:
effects on native vegetation community diversity, stand structure and composition. For Ecol
Manag 297:84–93
Tobner CM, Paquette A, Gravel D et al (2016) Functional identity is the main driver of diversity
effects in young tree communities. Ecol Lett 19:638–647
van der Plas F (2019) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities.
Biol Rev 94:1220–1245
van der Plas F, Manning P, Allan E et al (2016) Jack-of-all-trades effects drive biodiversity–
ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in European forests. Nat Commun 7:11109
van der Plas F, Ratcliffe S, Ruiz-Benito P et al (2018) Continental mapping of forest ecosystem
functions reveals a high but unrealised potential for forest multifunctionality. Ecol Lett
21:31–42
von Oheimb G, Härdtle W, Naumann PS et al (2008) Long-term effects of historical heathland
farming on soil properties of forest ecosystems. For Ecol Manag 255:1984–1993
Watson JEM, Evans T, Venter O et al (2018) The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nat
Ecol Evol 2:599–610
Williams LJ, Paquette A, Cavender-Bares J et al (2017) Spatial complementarity in tree crowns
explains over yielding in species mixtures. Nat Ecol Evol 1:0063
Wright AJ, Wardle DA, Callaway R, Gaxiola A (2017) The overlooked role of facilitation in
biodiversity experiments. Trends Ecol Evol 32:383–390
Zhang Y, Chen HYH, Reich PB (2012) Forest productivity increases with evenness, species
richness and trait variation: a global meta-analysis. J Ecol 100:742–749
Zhang T, Niinemets Ü, Sheffield J et al (2018) Shifts in tree functional composition amplify the
response of forest biomass to climate. Nature 556:99–102
Forest Ecosystems: A Functional and Biodiversity Perspective
405