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85:156–159
George PBL, Lallias D, Creer S et al (2019) Divergent national-scale trends of microbial and animal
biodiversity revealed across diverse temperate soil ecosystems. Nat Commun 10:1107
Giam XL (2017) Global biodiversity loss from tropical deforestation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
114:5775–5777
Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW (2015) Inter-plant communication through
mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AoB Plants
7:plv050
Grace JB, Anderson TM, Seabloom EW et al (2016) Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms
linking productivity and plant species richness. Nature 529:390–393
Griggs D, Stafford-Smith M, Gaffney O et al (2013) Sustainable development goals for people and
planet. Nature 495:65–72
Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW et al (2017) Natural climate solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
114:11645–11650
Grossman JJ, Cavender-Bares J, Reich PB et al (2019) Neighborhood diversity simultaneously
increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity
experiment. J Ecol 107:1492–1505
Gruber N, Galloway JN (2008) An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature
451:293–296
Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E et al (2017) More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total
flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS One 12:e0185809
Hamilton AJ, Basset Y, Benke KK et al (2010) Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical
arthropod species richness. Am Nat 176:90–95
Hartmann M, Niklaus PA, Zimmermann S et al (2014) Resistance and resilience of the forest soil
microbiome to logging-associated compaction. ISME J 8:226–244
Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C et al (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in
European grasslands. Science 286:1123–1127
Heilmann-Clausen J, Christensen M (2004) Does size matter? On the importance of various dead
wood fractions for fungal diversity in Danish beech forests. For Ecol Manag 201:105–117
Hess C, Niemeyer T, Fichtner A et al (2018) Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition alters growth
responses of European beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) to climate change. Environ Pollut 233:92–98
Hisano M, Searle EB, Chen HJH (2018) Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change
impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biol Rev 93:439–456
Hisano M, Chen HYH, Searle EB, Reich PB (2019) Species-rich boreal forests grew more and
suffered less mortality than species-poor forests under the environmental change of the past halfcentury. Ecol Lett 6:999–1008
Huang Y, Chen Y, Castro-Izaguirre N et al (2018) Impacts of species richness on productivity in a
large-scale subtropical forest experiment. Science 362:80–83
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
Isbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A et al (2011) High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem
services. Nature 477:199–202
Isbell F, Gonzalez A, Loreau M et al (2017) Linking the influence and dependence of people on
biodiversity across scales. Nature 546:65–72
IUCN - International Union for Nature Conservation (2019) IUCN Spatial Data. http://www.
iucnredlist.org/techical-documents/spatial-data
Jactel H, Brockerhoff EG (2007) Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. Ecol Lett
10:835–848
402
A. Fichtner and W. Härdtle
Gentry AH (1988) Tree species richness of the upper Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
85:156–159
George PBL, Lallias D, Creer S et al (2019) Divergent national-scale trends of microbial and animal
biodiversity revealed across diverse temperate soil ecosystems. Nat Commun 10:1107
Giam XL (2017) Global biodiversity loss from tropical deforestation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
114:5775–5777
Gorzelak MA, Asay AK, Pickles BJ, Simard SW (2015) Inter-plant communication through
mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities. AoB Plants
7:plv050
Grace JB, Anderson TM, Seabloom EW et al (2016) Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms
linking productivity and plant species richness. Nature 529:390–393
Griggs D, Stafford-Smith M, Gaffney O et al (2013) Sustainable development goals for people and
planet. Nature 495:65–72
Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW et al (2017) Natural climate solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
114:11645–11650
Grossman JJ, Cavender-Bares J, Reich PB et al (2019) Neighborhood diversity simultaneously
increased and decreased susceptibility to contrasting herbivores in an early stage forest diversity
experiment. J Ecol 107:1492–1505
Gruber N, Galloway JN (2008) An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature
451:293–296
Hallmann CA, Sorg M, Jongejans E et al (2017) More than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total
flying insect biomass in protected areas. PLoS One 12:e0185809
Hamilton AJ, Basset Y, Benke KK et al (2010) Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical
arthropod species richness. Am Nat 176:90–95
Hartmann M, Niklaus PA, Zimmermann S et al (2014) Resistance and resilience of the forest soil
microbiome to logging-associated compaction. ISME J 8:226–244
Hector A, Schmid B, Beierkuhnlein C et al (1999) Plant diversity and productivity experiments in
European grasslands. Science 286:1123–1127
Heilmann-Clausen J, Christensen M (2004) Does size matter? On the importance of various dead
wood fractions for fungal diversity in Danish beech forests. For Ecol Manag 201:105–117
Hess C, Niemeyer T, Fichtner A et al (2018) Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition alters growth
responses of European beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) to climate change. Environ Pollut 233:92–98
Hisano M, Searle EB, Chen HJH (2018) Biodiversity as a solution to mitigate climate change
impacts on the functioning of forest ecosystems. Biol Rev 93:439–456
Hisano M, Chen HYH, Searle EB, Reich PB (2019) Species-rich boreal forests grew more and
suffered less mortality than species-poor forests under the environmental change of the past halfcentury. Ecol Lett 6:999–1008
Huang Y, Chen Y, Castro-Izaguirre N et al (2018) Impacts of species richness on productivity in a
large-scale subtropical forest experiment. Science 362:80–83
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical
science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA
Isbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A et al (2011) High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem
services. Nature 477:199–202
Isbell F, Gonzalez A, Loreau M et al (2017) Linking the influence and dependence of people on
biodiversity across scales. Nature 546:65–72
IUCN - International Union for Nature Conservation (2019) IUCN Spatial Data. http://www.
iucnredlist.org/techical-documents/spatial-data
Jactel H, Brockerhoff EG (2007) Tree diversity reduces herbivory by forest insects. Ecol Lett
10:835–848
402
A. Fichtner and W. Härdtle