28 Photomechanical Effects in Crosslinked Liquid-Crystalline …
491
18. Roberts PMS, Mitchell GR, Davis FJ (1997) A single director switching mode for monodomain
liquid crystal elastomers. J Phys II 7:1337–1351
19. Thomsen DL, Keller P, Naciri J, Pink R, Jeon H, Shenoy D, Ratna BR (2001) Liquid crystal
elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle. Macromolecules 34:5868–5875
20. Li MH, Keller P, Li B, Wang X, Brunet M (2003) Light-driven side-on nematic elastomer
actuators. Adv Mater 15:569–572
21. de Haan LT, Sánchez-Somolinos C, Bastiaansen CMW, Schenning APHJ, Broer DJ (2012)
Engineering of complex order and the macroscopic deformation of liquid crystal polymer
networks. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:12469–12472
22. Ware TH, McConney ME, Wie JJ, Tondiglia VP, White TJ (2015) Voxelated liquid crystal
elastomers. Science 347:982–984
23. de Haan LT, Gimenez-Pinto V, Konya A, Nguyen TS, Verjans JMN, Sánchez-Somolinos C,
Selinger JV, Selinger RLB, Broer DJ, Schenning APHJ (2014) Accordion-like actuators of
multiple 3D patterned liquid crystal polymer films. Adv Funct Mater 24:1251–1258
24. Finkelmann H, Nishikawa E, Pereira GG, Warner M (2001) A new opto-mechanical effect in
solids. Phys Rev Lett 87:015501
25. Yu Y, Nakano M, Ikeda T (2003) Directed bending of a polymer film by light—miniaturizing
a simple photomechanical system could expand its range of applications. Nature 425:145
26. Ikeda T, Nakano M, Yu Y, Tsutsumi O, Kanazawa A (2003) Anisotropic bending and unbending
behavior of azobenzene liquid-crystalline gels by light exposure. Adv Mater 15:201–205
27. Yamada M, Kondo M, Mamiya J, Yu Y, Kinoshita M, Barrett CJ, Ikeda T (2008) Photomobile
polymer materials: towards light-driven plastic motors. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:4986–4988
28. Yamada M, Kondo M, Miyasato R, Naka Y, Mamiya J, Kinoshita M, Shishido A, Yu Y, Barrett
CJ, Ikeda T (2009) Photomobile polymer materials—various three-dimensional movements. J
Mater Chem 19:60–62
29. Wang W, Sun X, Wu W, Peng H, Yu Y (2012) Photoinduced deformation of crosslinked liquidcrystalline polymer film oriented by a highly aligned carbon nanotube sheet. Angew Chem Int
Ed 51:4644–4647
30. Sperling L (1994) Interpenetrating polymer networks—an overview. In: Klempner D, Sperling LH, Utracki LA (eds) Interpenetrating polymer networks, vol 239. Amer Chemical Soc
Washington, pp 3–38
31. Gong JP, Katsuyama Y, Kurokawa T, Osada Y (2003) Double-network hydrogels with
extremely high mechanical strength. Adv Mater 15:1155–1158
32. Gong JP (2010) Why are double network hydrogels so tough? Soft Matter 6:2583–2590
33. Ha SM, Yuan W, Pei QB, Pelrine R, Stanford S (2006) Interpenetrating polymer networks for
high-performance electroelastomer artificial muscles. Adv Mater 18:887–891
34. Ube T, Takado K, Ikeda T (2015) Photomobile materials with interpenetrating polymer
networks composed of liquid-crystalline and amorphous polymers. J Mater Chem C 3:8006–
8009
35. Ube T, Minagawa K, Ikeda T (2017) Interpenetrating polymer networks of liquid-crystalline
azobenzene polymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) as photomobile materials. Soft Matter
13:5820–5823
36. Montarnal D, Capelot M, Tournilhac F, Leibler L (2011) Silica-like malleable materials from
permanent organic networks. Science 334:965–968
37. Capelot M, Montarnal D, Tournilhac F, Leibler L (2012) Metal-catalyzed transesterification
for healing and assembling of thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 134:7664–7667
38. Denissen W, Winne JM, Prez FED (2015) Vitrimers: permanent organic networks with glasslike fluidity. Chem Sci 7:30–38
39. Pei Z, Yang Y, Chen Q, Terentjev EM, Wei Y, Ji Y (2014) Mouldable liquid-crystalline elastomer
actuators with exchangeable covalent bonds. Nat Mater 13:36–41
40. Ube T, Kawasaki K, Ikeda T (2016) Photomobile liquid-crystalline elastomers with rearrangeable networks. Adv Mater 28:8212–8217
41. Lv J, Liu Y, Wei J, Chen E, Qin L, Yu Y (2016) Photocontrol of fluid slugs in liquid crystal
polymer microactuators. Nature 537:179–184
491
18. Roberts PMS, Mitchell GR, Davis FJ (1997) A single director switching mode for monodomain
liquid crystal elastomers. J Phys II 7:1337–1351
19. Thomsen DL, Keller P, Naciri J, Pink R, Jeon H, Shenoy D, Ratna BR (2001) Liquid crystal
elastomers with mechanical properties of a muscle. Macromolecules 34:5868–5875
20. Li MH, Keller P, Li B, Wang X, Brunet M (2003) Light-driven side-on nematic elastomer
actuators. Adv Mater 15:569–572
21. de Haan LT, Sánchez-Somolinos C, Bastiaansen CMW, Schenning APHJ, Broer DJ (2012)
Engineering of complex order and the macroscopic deformation of liquid crystal polymer
networks. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:12469–12472
22. Ware TH, McConney ME, Wie JJ, Tondiglia VP, White TJ (2015) Voxelated liquid crystal
elastomers. Science 347:982–984
23. de Haan LT, Gimenez-Pinto V, Konya A, Nguyen TS, Verjans JMN, Sánchez-Somolinos C,
Selinger JV, Selinger RLB, Broer DJ, Schenning APHJ (2014) Accordion-like actuators of
multiple 3D patterned liquid crystal polymer films. Adv Funct Mater 24:1251–1258
24. Finkelmann H, Nishikawa E, Pereira GG, Warner M (2001) A new opto-mechanical effect in
solids. Phys Rev Lett 87:015501
25. Yu Y, Nakano M, Ikeda T (2003) Directed bending of a polymer film by light—miniaturizing
a simple photomechanical system could expand its range of applications. Nature 425:145
26. Ikeda T, Nakano M, Yu Y, Tsutsumi O, Kanazawa A (2003) Anisotropic bending and unbending
behavior of azobenzene liquid-crystalline gels by light exposure. Adv Mater 15:201–205
27. Yamada M, Kondo M, Mamiya J, Yu Y, Kinoshita M, Barrett CJ, Ikeda T (2008) Photomobile
polymer materials: towards light-driven plastic motors. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:4986–4988
28. Yamada M, Kondo M, Miyasato R, Naka Y, Mamiya J, Kinoshita M, Shishido A, Yu Y, Barrett
CJ, Ikeda T (2009) Photomobile polymer materials—various three-dimensional movements. J
Mater Chem 19:60–62
29. Wang W, Sun X, Wu W, Peng H, Yu Y (2012) Photoinduced deformation of crosslinked liquidcrystalline polymer film oriented by a highly aligned carbon nanotube sheet. Angew Chem Int
Ed 51:4644–4647
30. Sperling L (1994) Interpenetrating polymer networks—an overview. In: Klempner D, Sperling LH, Utracki LA (eds) Interpenetrating polymer networks, vol 239. Amer Chemical Soc
Washington, pp 3–38
31. Gong JP, Katsuyama Y, Kurokawa T, Osada Y (2003) Double-network hydrogels with
extremely high mechanical strength. Adv Mater 15:1155–1158
32. Gong JP (2010) Why are double network hydrogels so tough? Soft Matter 6:2583–2590
33. Ha SM, Yuan W, Pei QB, Pelrine R, Stanford S (2006) Interpenetrating polymer networks for
high-performance electroelastomer artificial muscles. Adv Mater 18:887–891
34. Ube T, Takado K, Ikeda T (2015) Photomobile materials with interpenetrating polymer
networks composed of liquid-crystalline and amorphous polymers. J Mater Chem C 3:8006–
8009
35. Ube T, Minagawa K, Ikeda T (2017) Interpenetrating polymer networks of liquid-crystalline
azobenzene polymers and poly(dimethylsiloxane) as photomobile materials. Soft Matter
13:5820–5823
36. Montarnal D, Capelot M, Tournilhac F, Leibler L (2011) Silica-like malleable materials from
permanent organic networks. Science 334:965–968
37. Capelot M, Montarnal D, Tournilhac F, Leibler L (2012) Metal-catalyzed transesterification
for healing and assembling of thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 134:7664–7667
38. Denissen W, Winne JM, Prez FED (2015) Vitrimers: permanent organic networks with glasslike fluidity. Chem Sci 7:30–38
39. Pei Z, Yang Y, Chen Q, Terentjev EM, Wei Y, Ji Y (2014) Mouldable liquid-crystalline elastomer
actuators with exchangeable covalent bonds. Nat Mater 13:36–41
40. Ube T, Kawasaki K, Ikeda T (2016) Photomobile liquid-crystalline elastomers with rearrangeable networks. Adv Mater 28:8212–8217
41. Lv J, Liu Y, Wei J, Chen E, Qin L, Yu Y (2016) Photocontrol of fluid slugs in liquid crystal
polymer microactuators. Nature 537:179–184