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microrobots. Nat Mater 15:647–653
43. White TJ, Tabiryan NV, Serak SV, Hrozhyk UA, Tondiglia VP, Koerner H, Vaia RA, Bunning
TJ (2008) A high frequency photodriven polymer oscillator. Soft Matter 4:1796–1798
44. Gelebart AH, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Broer DJ (2017) Mastering the photothermal effect
in liquid crystal networks: a general approach for self-sustained mechanical oscillators. Adv
Mater 29:1606712
45. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636
46. Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Webb WW (2003) Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat Biotechnol 21:1369–1377
47. He GS, Tan LS, Zheng Q, Prasad PN (2008) Multiphoton absorbing materials: molecular
designs, characterizations, and applications. Chem Rev 108:1245–1330
48. Pawlicki M, Collins HA, Denning RG, Anderson HL (2009) Two-photon absorption and the
design of two-photon dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:3244–3266
49. Albota M, Beljonne D, Brédas JL, Ehrlich JE, Fu JY, Heikal AA, Hess SE, Kogej T, Levin
MD, Marder SR, McCord-Maughon D, Perry JW, Röckel H, Rumi M, Subramaniam G, Webb
WW, Wu XL, Xu C (1998) Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption
cross sections. Science 281:1653–1656
50. Okano K, Shishido A, Ikeda T (2006) Photochemical phase transition behavior of highly
birefringent azotolane liquid-crystalline polymer films: effects of the position of the tolane
group and the donor–acceptor substituent in the mesogen. Macromolecules 39:145–152
51. Yin R, Xu W, Kondo M, Yen CC, Mamiya J, Ikeda T, Yu Y (2009) Can sunlight drive the
photoinduced bending of polymer films? J Mater Chem 19:3141–3143
52. Sasaki S, Ube T, Katayama K, Muramatsu M, Miyasaka H, Ikeda T (2018) Two-photonactuation
of crosslinked liquid-crystalline polymers utilizing energy transfer system. Mol Cryst Liquid
Cryst 662:53–60
T. Ube and T. Ikeda
42. Palagi S, Mark AG, Reigh SY, Melde K, Qiu T, Zeng H, Parmeggiani C, Martella D, SanchezCastillo A, Kapernaum N, Giesselmann F, Wiersma DS, Lauga E, Fischer P (2016) Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive soft
microrobots. Nat Mater 15:647–653
43. White TJ, Tabiryan NV, Serak SV, Hrozhyk UA, Tondiglia VP, Koerner H, Vaia RA, Bunning
TJ (2008) A high frequency photodriven polymer oscillator. Soft Matter 4:1796–1798
44. Gelebart AH, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Broer DJ (2017) Mastering the photothermal effect
in liquid crystal networks: a general approach for self-sustained mechanical oscillators. Adv
Mater 29:1606712
45. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636
46. Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Webb WW (2003) Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat Biotechnol 21:1369–1377
47. He GS, Tan LS, Zheng Q, Prasad PN (2008) Multiphoton absorbing materials: molecular
designs, characterizations, and applications. Chem Rev 108:1245–1330
48. Pawlicki M, Collins HA, Denning RG, Anderson HL (2009) Two-photon absorption and the
design of two-photon dyes. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:3244–3266
49. Albota M, Beljonne D, Brédas JL, Ehrlich JE, Fu JY, Heikal AA, Hess SE, Kogej T, Levin
MD, Marder SR, McCord-Maughon D, Perry JW, Röckel H, Rumi M, Subramaniam G, Webb
WW, Wu XL, Xu C (1998) Design of organic molecules with large two-photon absorption
cross sections. Science 281:1653–1656
50. Okano K, Shishido A, Ikeda T (2006) Photochemical phase transition behavior of highly
birefringent azotolane liquid-crystalline polymer films: effects of the position of the tolane
group and the donor–acceptor substituent in the mesogen. Macromolecules 39:145–152
51. Yin R, Xu W, Kondo M, Yen CC, Mamiya J, Ikeda T, Yu Y (2009) Can sunlight drive the
photoinduced bending of polymer films? J Mater Chem 19:3141–3143
52. Sasaki S, Ube T, Katayama K, Muramatsu M, Miyasaka H, Ikeda T (2018) Two-photonactuation
of crosslinked liquid-crystalline polymers utilizing energy transfer system. Mol Cryst Liquid
Cryst 662:53–60