400
Index
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
technology, 384–388
with applications, 388f
growth and cost, 389–390
implementation, barriers, 387–388
operating principles/sites, 385–387
other usages, 387
technologies, 389
Ocean wave energy technologies, 389
Oil shale industry, 27
Oligosaccharides, 236
Olivine catalysts, 54
Open-center turbine, 379
Overtopping principle, 376
Oxidation in SCW (SCWO), 266–268
catalysts, 268
Oxygen exchange, inhibition by, 51
P
Penstock, 363
Photochemical dissociation technology, water,
301–305
photobiological production, 304–305
plasma-induced photolysis, 305
semiconductor catalysts (photocatalysis),
302–304
metal sulfides, 304
tantalates and niobates, 303
titanium oxide, 302–303
transition-metal, nitrides, and oxynitrides,
303–304
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, 44, 301
Plant cell wall, 242f
Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA), 306–307
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 123
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), 158
Polymer solution, 24
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 74
Pressurized heavy water reactor, 36–37
Pressurized water reactor (PWR), 33, 35–36, 36f
Primary circuit, 34
Primary/secondary oil recovery process, 22–23
Pullulanase, 236
r
Rapid steam hydrolysis (RASH), 244–245
organosolv pretreatment, 246, 246f
Raw fuels, 23
role of water in recovery and production,
17–29
RBMK reactors, 37
Reactor, 372
River hydrokinetic technologies, 389
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, 364
s
Saccharification, 236
SCW partial oxidation (SWPO), 266
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)
process, 251–252
Shaftless method, 96
Shaft method, 96
Shale, 19
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
(SSF) process, 241, 251–252
Solar energy
heaters, types, 43
water, role of, 43–44
Solar fuels, 5
Solar gasification
reactors and processes, 90–92, 91f
technology, 89–90
Solar reforming (SOLREF), 92–95
advantages, 94–95
ASTERIx, 92–93
open-loop solar syngas production, 94
other processes, 94–95
Soltox process, 93–94
Solar thermochemistry, 89–90
Solar water cracker, 307
Solid fuels, mining, preparation, and extraction,
27–29
coal, 29
oil shale, 27
tar sands and heavy oil, 27–28
uranium, 28–29
Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), 298
Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane, 299
Soltox process, 93–94
Sorbent-enhanced reforming (SER)
technology, 89
Sour gas catalysts, 80
Steam flood wells, 25
Steam gasification
catalysts, 53–55
metal-based, 54
nickel-based, 55
mechanism, 50–52
novel, 89–99
other processes, 98–99
solar gasification. see Solar gasification
underground coal/reactors, 95–98
product distributions, feedstock effects,
60–70
biomass, 62–67
black liquor, 69–70
coal, 60–62
lignin, 70
mixed feedstock, 67–68
tar, 68–69
Index
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
technology, 384–388
with applications, 388f
growth and cost, 389–390
implementation, barriers, 387–388
operating principles/sites, 385–387
other usages, 387
technologies, 389
Ocean wave energy technologies, 389
Oil shale industry, 27
Oligosaccharides, 236
Olivine catalysts, 54
Open-center turbine, 379
Overtopping principle, 376
Oxidation in SCW (SCWO), 266–268
catalysts, 268
Oxygen exchange, inhibition by, 51
P
Penstock, 363
Photochemical dissociation technology, water,
301–305
photobiological production, 304–305
plasma-induced photolysis, 305
semiconductor catalysts (photocatalysis),
302–304
metal sulfides, 304
tantalates and niobates, 303
titanium oxide, 302–303
transition-metal, nitrides, and oxynitrides,
303–304
Photovoltaic (PV) systems, 44, 301
Plant cell wall, 242f
Plataforma Solar de Almeria (PSA), 306–307
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 123
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), 158
Polymer solution, 24
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), 74
Pressurized heavy water reactor, 36–37
Pressurized water reactor (PWR), 33, 35–36, 36f
Primary circuit, 34
Primary/secondary oil recovery process, 22–23
Pullulanase, 236
r
Rapid steam hydrolysis (RASH), 244–245
organosolv pretreatment, 246, 246f
Raw fuels, 23
role of water in recovery and production,
17–29
RBMK reactors, 37
Reactor, 372
River hydrokinetic technologies, 389
Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity, 364
s
Saccharification, 236
SCW partial oxidation (SWPO), 266
Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)
process, 251–252
Shaftless method, 96
Shaft method, 96
Shale, 19
Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
(SSF) process, 241, 251–252
Solar energy
heaters, types, 43
water, role of, 43–44
Solar fuels, 5
Solar gasification
reactors and processes, 90–92, 91f
technology, 89–90
Solar reforming (SOLREF), 92–95
advantages, 94–95
ASTERIx, 92–93
open-loop solar syngas production, 94
other processes, 94–95
Soltox process, 93–94
Solar thermochemistry, 89–90
Solar water cracker, 307
Solid fuels, mining, preparation, and extraction,
27–29
coal, 29
oil shale, 27
tar sands and heavy oil, 27–28
uranium, 28–29
Solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), 298
Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) membrane, 299
Soltox process, 93–94
Sorbent-enhanced reforming (SER)
technology, 89
Sour gas catalysts, 80
Steam flood wells, 25
Steam gasification
catalysts, 53–55
metal-based, 54
nickel-based, 55
mechanism, 50–52
novel, 89–99
other processes, 98–99
solar gasification. see Solar gasification
underground coal/reactors, 95–98
product distributions, feedstock effects,
60–70
biomass, 62–67
black liquor, 69–70
coal, 60–62
lignin, 70
mixed feedstock, 67–68
tar, 68–69