397
Index
Energy landscape, global, 1–5
Enhanced gas hydrate recovery (EGHR)
methods, 339, 343–345, 344f
Enhanced geothermal system (EGS), 41–42
projects, commercial, 43f
recover, steps, 42f
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
chemical processes
caustic alkaline solution, 24
polymer solution, 24
surfactant–polymer solution, 23–24
thermal processes
hot water injection, 25
in situ combustion, 25
steam stimulation, 24–25
Enzymatic hydrolysis, 248–250
production and inhibition, 249–250
system, 248–249
Equilibrium reactor, 315
Ethanol
cellulosic. see Cellulosic ethanol
from corn, conversion, 237–241
dry milling process, 239–241
wet milling process, 237–239, 240f
grain (corn), 235–237
byproducts and coproducts, 237
environmental implications, 237
and product separation, purification,
236–237
starch hydrolysis, 236
yeast fermentation, 236
from lignocellulose, conversion, 243f
usages, 233
Exergy efficiency, 296, 297f
Explosion, 245
ExxonMobil report (EMR), 2–5
energy demand projections, 4t
energy landscape (1800–2040), 3t
F
Fast internally CFB (FICFB) technology, 83
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 194
Feedstock effects
anaerobic digestion. see Anaerobic digestion,
feedstock effects
aqueous-phase reforming, 166–170
alcohols and glycerol, 166–167
biomass and cellulose, 168–170
ethylene glycol, 166–167
sugar and glucose, 167–168
primary, 166–168
secondary, 168–170
steam gasification, 60–70
biomass, 62–67
black liquor, 69–70
coal, 60–62
lignin, 70
mixed, 67–68
tar, 68–69
steam reforming, 70–81
biomass, 77–78
bio-oil, 80–81
carbon and carbon monoxide, 79–80
ethanol, 70–72
glycerol, 76–77
liquid hydrocarbons, 75–76
methanol, 72–75
mixed, 78–79
Fermentation process, 236
ethanol extraction, 254–255
isobutanol, sugar to, 256
methane, stages, 208f
modeling and control, 222–223
separate hydrolysis and fermentation,
251–252
SHF and SSF, comparison, 253
simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation, 252
types
batch, 221
dry, 221
two-stage, 221–222
wet, 220–221
xylose, 253–254
integration, 254f
pentose yeasts, usage difficulties, 253
yeast, 236
Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process, 56, 120, 284
Fixed-bed gasifiers
downdraft, 81–82
updraft, 81–82
Fossil energy, 1
Fracking fluid, 19
Fracking technique, 19, 43
role of water, 25–27
Fuel cells (FCs), 47
G
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 192
Gamma-valerolactone (GVL), 185, 191, 195–196
Gas-cooled solar tower (GAST) system, 93
Gas hydrates, 329
carbon, source, 332t
climate warming, analysis, 338–339
deposits, sources/sizes and importance,
330–335
environmental impacts, 337–339
formation, 329–330
methane, production, 339–346
commercial applications, 346
computer simulation, 345–346
depressurization, 340–341
Index
Energy landscape, global, 1–5
Enhanced gas hydrate recovery (EGHR)
methods, 339, 343–345, 344f
Enhanced geothermal system (EGS), 41–42
projects, commercial, 43f
recover, steps, 42f
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
chemical processes
caustic alkaline solution, 24
polymer solution, 24
surfactant–polymer solution, 23–24
thermal processes
hot water injection, 25
in situ combustion, 25
steam stimulation, 24–25
Enzymatic hydrolysis, 248–250
production and inhibition, 249–250
system, 248–249
Equilibrium reactor, 315
Ethanol
cellulosic. see Cellulosic ethanol
from corn, conversion, 237–241
dry milling process, 239–241
wet milling process, 237–239, 240f
grain (corn), 235–237
byproducts and coproducts, 237
environmental implications, 237
and product separation, purification,
236–237
starch hydrolysis, 236
yeast fermentation, 236
from lignocellulose, conversion, 243f
usages, 233
Exergy efficiency, 296, 297f
Explosion, 245
ExxonMobil report (EMR), 2–5
energy demand projections, 4t
energy landscape (1800–2040), 3t
F
Fast internally CFB (FICFB) technology, 83
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), 194
Feedstock effects
anaerobic digestion. see Anaerobic digestion,
feedstock effects
aqueous-phase reforming, 166–170
alcohols and glycerol, 166–167
biomass and cellulose, 168–170
ethylene glycol, 166–167
sugar and glucose, 167–168
primary, 166–168
secondary, 168–170
steam gasification, 60–70
biomass, 62–67
black liquor, 69–70
coal, 60–62
lignin, 70
mixed, 67–68
tar, 68–69
steam reforming, 70–81
biomass, 77–78
bio-oil, 80–81
carbon and carbon monoxide, 79–80
ethanol, 70–72
glycerol, 76–77
liquid hydrocarbons, 75–76
methanol, 72–75
mixed, 78–79
Fermentation process, 236
ethanol extraction, 254–255
isobutanol, sugar to, 256
methane, stages, 208f
modeling and control, 222–223
separate hydrolysis and fermentation,
251–252
SHF and SSF, comparison, 253
simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation, 252
types
batch, 221
dry, 221
two-stage, 221–222
wet, 220–221
xylose, 253–254
integration, 254f
pentose yeasts, usage difficulties, 253
yeast, 236
Fischer–Tropsch (FT) process, 56, 120, 284
Fixed-bed gasifiers
downdraft, 81–82
updraft, 81–82
Fossil energy, 1
Fracking fluid, 19
Fracking technique, 19, 43
role of water, 25–27
Fuel cells (FCs), 47
G
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 192
Gamma-valerolactone (GVL), 185, 191, 195–196
Gas-cooled solar tower (GAST) system, 93
Gas hydrates, 329
carbon, source, 332t
climate warming, analysis, 338–339
deposits, sources/sizes and importance,
330–335
environmental impacts, 337–339
formation, 329–330
methane, production, 339–346
commercial applications, 346
computer simulation, 345–346
depressurization, 340–341