396
Index
Biomass
aqueous-phase reforming, 168–170
cellulose, 168–170
hydrothermal liquefaction
particle size, 130
solids concentration, 130–131
production ways, 157
steam gasification, 62–67
steam reforming, 77–78
supercritical water, reforming in, 279
Bisphenol A (BPA), 192
Boiling water reactor (BWR), 34–35, 35f
Bubbling fluidized bed system, 65, 67, 83
Bunsen reaction, 315
C
CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU),
36–37
Carbon-emitting fossil energy, 2
Caustic alkaline solution, 24
Cellulase, groups, 248–250
Cellulolysis, 248
Cellulose, 183–187, 191, 196–197, 199
aqueous-phase reforming, 168–170
chemical conversion, 187f
hydrolysis, mechanism, 250–251
physical structure, 186f
Cellulosic ethanol, 241–256
coproducts, 255
fermentation. see Fermentation process
future efforts, 256
hydrolysis. see Hydrolysis process
lignin conversion, 255
pretreatment, 244–247
dilute acid prehydrolysis, 245
ionic liquid, 247
organosolv, 245–246
rapid steam hydrolysis, 245
RASH and organosolv, combined,
245–246, 246f
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 214,
217–218
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB), 65
Clathrate hydrates. see Gas hydrates
Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA), 234
Coal bed methane, 21f, 25
Coal mining and preparation, 29
Coal–water chemistry
CWF. see Coal–water mixture as fuel
(CWF)
liquefaction
high pressure/temperature, 141–142
pretreatment, 139–141
Coal–water mixture as fuel (CWF), 142–148
combustion, 147–148
preparation and transportation, 146–147
production, 144
CENfuel, 145–146
hypercoal, 146
ultra clean coal, 145
Cocurrent gasifiers, 81–82
Co-digestion, 218–219
Combined heat and power (CHP) system, 65, 235
Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), 92
Concentrating solar power (CSP), 301
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), 267
Corn
kernel, 238f
meal, 235
refineries, 235
sugar, 239
uses, 234f
Corn gluten meal (CGM), 239
Countercurrent gasifiers, 81–82
d
Delta-aminolevulinic acid (DALA), 191–192
Development of Integrated Biomass Approaches
Network (DIBANET) project, 197–199
Dextrins, 236
Dextrose, 239
d-glucose, 239
Diesel miscible biofuels (DMBs), 197–198
objectives, 198–199
process chain, 198f
Digestate fertilizer, 224
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 196
Diphenolic acid (DPA), 191–192
Displacer, 372
Distilled mash, 236
Dolomite catalysts, 54
Dried distillers grains (DDGs), 235, 237
Dry milling corn ethanol technology, 239–241
Dry reforming, 56–59
issues, 58–59
objectives, 59
Dynamic tidal power (DTP), 379
e
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),
369, 389
Electrolysis of water, 297–301
alkaline, 298
high pressure, 299–300
high temperature, 298–299
photo, 300
photo-aided, 300–301
photovoltaic, 301
solar, 301
Energy economy, 5
Energy efficiency, 340
Index
Biomass
aqueous-phase reforming, 168–170
cellulose, 168–170
hydrothermal liquefaction
particle size, 130
solids concentration, 130–131
production ways, 157
steam gasification, 62–67
steam reforming, 77–78
supercritical water, reforming in, 279
Bisphenol A (BPA), 192
Boiling water reactor (BWR), 34–35, 35f
Bubbling fluidized bed system, 65, 67, 83
Bunsen reaction, 315
C
CANada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU),
36–37
Carbon-emitting fossil energy, 2
Caustic alkaline solution, 24
Cellulase, groups, 248–250
Cellulolysis, 248
Cellulose, 183–187, 191, 196–197, 199
aqueous-phase reforming, 168–170
chemical conversion, 187f
hydrolysis, mechanism, 250–251
physical structure, 186f
Cellulosic ethanol, 241–256
coproducts, 255
fermentation. see Fermentation process
future efforts, 256
hydrolysis. see Hydrolysis process
lignin conversion, 255
pretreatment, 244–247
dilute acid prehydrolysis, 245
ionic liquid, 247
organosolv, 245–246
rapid steam hydrolysis, 245
RASH and organosolv, combined,
245–246, 246f
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 214,
217–218
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB), 65
Clathrate hydrates. see Gas hydrates
Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA), 234
Coal bed methane, 21f, 25
Coal mining and preparation, 29
Coal–water chemistry
CWF. see Coal–water mixture as fuel
(CWF)
liquefaction
high pressure/temperature, 141–142
pretreatment, 139–141
Coal–water mixture as fuel (CWF), 142–148
combustion, 147–148
preparation and transportation, 146–147
production, 144
CENfuel, 145–146
hypercoal, 146
ultra clean coal, 145
Cocurrent gasifiers, 81–82
Co-digestion, 218–219
Combined heat and power (CHP) system, 65, 235
Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), 92
Concentrating solar power (CSP), 301
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR), 267
Corn
kernel, 238f
meal, 235
refineries, 235
sugar, 239
uses, 234f
Corn gluten meal (CGM), 239
Countercurrent gasifiers, 81–82
d
Delta-aminolevulinic acid (DALA), 191–192
Development of Integrated Biomass Approaches
Network (DIBANET) project, 197–199
Dextrins, 236
Dextrose, 239
d-glucose, 239
Diesel miscible biofuels (DMBs), 197–198
objectives, 198–199
process chain, 198f
Digestate fertilizer, 224
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 196
Diphenolic acid (DPA), 191–192
Displacer, 372
Distilled mash, 236
Dolomite catalysts, 54
Dried distillers grains (DDGs), 235, 237
Dry milling corn ethanol technology, 239–241
Dry reforming, 56–59
issues, 58–59
objectives, 59
Dynamic tidal power (DTP), 379
e
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),
369, 389
Electrolysis of water, 297–301
alkaline, 298
high pressure, 299–300
high temperature, 298–299
photo, 300
photo-aided, 300–301
photovoltaic, 301
solar, 301
Energy economy, 5
Energy efficiency, 340