395
Index
Note: Locators “f ” and “t” denote figures and tables in the text
a
Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) mixture, 256
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 236
Adsorption-enhanced reforming (AER), 65
Advanced Steam Reforming of Methane in Heat
Exchange (ASTERIx), 92–93
Advanced thermal recycling (ATR) process, 76
Alaska Northern slope (ANS), 343
American Academy of Environmental Medicine
(AAEM) species, 61
Anaerobic digestion
biogas yield. see Biogas production
feedstock effects, 210–218
biodiesel production, byproducts,
214–215
coir pith, 212
dairy effluent, 217
distillery spent wash, 212–214
food/kitchen organic waste, 216–217
fruit waste, 218
LCFAs in wastewater, 215–216
methane yields, 210t, 211t
palm oil mill effluent, 215
swine waste, 214
tofu wastewater, 217–218
wastewater treatment, 217
whey, 212
literature studies, 213t
microbes and operating conditions, effects,
209–210
ammonia inhibition, 209
nutrients, 209–210
pH, 209–210
temperature, 209
principles, 206–209
Anaerobic-phased solid (APS) digester, 222
Aqueous-phase reforming (APR) process,
157–159, 169f
derivative technologies, 158
feedstock, typical, 159t
Gibbs free energy vs. temperature, 161f
kinetics and catalysis, effects
carbon number, 163
feedstock. see Feedstock effects, aqueous-
phase reforming
liquid and solids, promoters/acidity, 165
novel reactor designs, 170
oxygenates, 164f
pressure, 163
supports, 163–165
temperature, 163
reaction paths, 160f
steam reforming vs., 159–160
thermodynamics, 160–162
Associated gas, 25
Avicel, 250
B
Barrage systems, 389
Binary system approach, 39
Bioenergy, 1
Biofine process, 183
features, 183–184, 185f
intermediate products, upgrading,
191–197
biorefinery, family tree, 193f
char, 197
formic acid, 197
furfuryl and hydroxymethyl
furfuryl, 196
gamma-valerolectone, 195–196
levulinic acid, transformation,
192–195
markets, usage, 191–192
large-scale, 200, 200f
other technologies, comparison,
197–200
bioforming process, 199–200
DIBANET project, 197–199
fermentation process, 199
process flow diagram, 189f
Bioforming process, 157
two-stage reactor, 178f
Virent’s, 173–178, 177f
Biogas production
digester technology, 222
harvesting, effects, 219
pretreatment, 220
purification, 223–224
storage, 219
utilization, and digestate, 224
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 237
Index
Note: Locators “f ” and “t” denote figures and tables in the text
a
Acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) mixture, 256
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 236
Adsorption-enhanced reforming (AER), 65
Advanced Steam Reforming of Methane in Heat
Exchange (ASTERIx), 92–93
Advanced thermal recycling (ATR) process, 76
Alaska Northern slope (ANS), 343
American Academy of Environmental Medicine
(AAEM) species, 61
Anaerobic digestion
biogas yield. see Biogas production
feedstock effects, 210–218
biodiesel production, byproducts,
214–215
coir pith, 212
dairy effluent, 217
distillery spent wash, 212–214
food/kitchen organic waste, 216–217
fruit waste, 218
LCFAs in wastewater, 215–216
methane yields, 210t, 211t
palm oil mill effluent, 215
swine waste, 214
tofu wastewater, 217–218
wastewater treatment, 217
whey, 212
literature studies, 213t
microbes and operating conditions, effects,
209–210
ammonia inhibition, 209
nutrients, 209–210
pH, 209–210
temperature, 209
principles, 206–209
Anaerobic-phased solid (APS) digester, 222
Aqueous-phase reforming (APR) process,
157–159, 169f
derivative technologies, 158
feedstock, typical, 159t
Gibbs free energy vs. temperature, 161f
kinetics and catalysis, effects
carbon number, 163
feedstock. see Feedstock effects, aqueous-
phase reforming
liquid and solids, promoters/acidity, 165
novel reactor designs, 170
oxygenates, 164f
pressure, 163
supports, 163–165
temperature, 163
reaction paths, 160f
steam reforming vs., 159–160
thermodynamics, 160–162
Associated gas, 25
Avicel, 250
B
Barrage systems, 389
Binary system approach, 39
Bioenergy, 1
Biofine process, 183
features, 183–184, 185f
intermediate products, upgrading,
191–197
biorefinery, family tree, 193f
char, 197
formic acid, 197
furfuryl and hydroxymethyl
furfuryl, 196
gamma-valerolectone, 195–196
levulinic acid, transformation,
192–195
markets, usage, 191–192
large-scale, 200, 200f
other technologies, comparison,
197–200
bioforming process, 199–200
DIBANET project, 197–199
fermentation process, 199
process flow diagram, 189f
Bioforming process, 157
two-stage reactor, 178f
Virent’s, 173–178, 177f
Biogas production
digester technology, 222
harvesting, effects, 219
pretreatment, 220
purification, 223–224
storage, 219
utilization, and digestate, 224
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 237