33. Mao, J.-D., Fang, x., Lan, Y., Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., xu, L., and
Schmidt-Rohr , K., “Chemical and nanometer-scale structures of kerogen and their
changes during thermal maturation investigated by advanced solid-state NMR
spectroscop y,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 2110–2127 (2010).
34. Mao, J.-D., Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., Hatcher, P.G., and Li, Y. “Structural features of a bituminous coal and their changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss
of volatiles investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy,” Energy & Fuels,
24, 2536–2544 (2010).
35. Cao, x., Ro, K.S., Chappell, M., Li, Y., and Mao, J.-D., “Chemical structures of
swine-manure chars produced under different carbonization conditions investigated by
advanced solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy,” Energy & Fuels, 25, 388–397 (2011).
36. Mao, J.-D., Ajakaiye, A., Lan, Y., Olk, D.C., Ceballos, M., Zhang, T., Fan, M.Z.,
and Forsberg, C.W., “Chemical structures of manure from conventional and phytase
transgenic pigs investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy,” Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 2131–2138 (2008).
37. Ramke, H.G., Blohse, D., Lehmann, H.J., and Fettig, J., “Hydrothermal carbonization
of organic waste,” in Cossu, R., Diaz, L.F., and Stegman, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the
12th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, January 13, CISA,
S. Margherita di Pula, Sardinia, Italy (2009).
38. Spokas, K.A. and Reicosky, D.C., “Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production,” Annals of Environmental Science, 3, 179–193 (2009).
39. Mursito, A.T., Hirajima, T., and Sasaki, K., “Upgrading and dewatering of raw tropical
peat by hydrothermal treatment,” Fuel, 89 (3), 635–641 (2010).
40. Russell, J.A., Miller, R.K., and Molton, P.M., “Formation of aromatic compounds
from condensation reactions of cellulose degradation products,” Biomass, 3 (1), 43–57
(1983).
41. Akhtar, A. and Amin, N., “A review on process conditions for optimum bio oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15,
1615–1624 (2011).
42. Midgett, J., “Assessing hydrothermal liquefaction process using biomass feedstocks,”
MS thesis, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA (May 2008).
43. Huber, G., Iborra, S., and Corma, A., “Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass:
150
Water for Energy and Fuel Production
Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering,” Chemical Reviews, 106, 1–51 (2006).
44. Demirbas, A., “Progress and recent trends in biofuels,” Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science, 33, 1–18 (2007).
45. Zhang, Y., “Hydrothermal liquefaction to convert biomass into crude oil,” in Blaschek, H.,
Ezeji, T., and Scheffran, J. (eds.), Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts.
Blackwell Publishing, New York, 201–232 (2010).
46. Behrendt, F., Neubauer, Y., Oevermann, M., Wilmes, B., and Zobel, N., “Direct liquefaction of biomass,” Chemical Engineering Technology, 31 (5), 667–677 (2008).
47. Chen, P., Min, M., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Li, Y., Chen, Q., Wang, C. et al., “Review of the
biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach,” International Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2 (4), 1–30 (2009).
48. Sugano, M., Takagi, H., Hirano, K., and Mashimo, K., “Hydrothermal liquefaction
of plantation biomass with two kinds of wastewater from paper industry,” Journal of
Materials Science, 43, 2476–2486 (2008).
49. Appell, H.R., Wender, I., and Miller, R.D., “Solubilization of Low Rank Coal with
Carbon Monoxide and Water,” Chemistry & Industry, 47, 1703 (1969).
50. Appell, H.R., Energy, 1, 24 (1976).
51. Blaustein, B.C., Bockrath, B.C., Davis, H.M., Friedman, S., Illig, E.C., and Mikita, M.A.,
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, preprints, 30 (2), 359 (1985).
Schmidt-Rohr , K., “Chemical and nanometer-scale structures of kerogen and their
changes during thermal maturation investigated by advanced solid-state NMR
spectroscop y,” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 2110–2127 (2010).
34. Mao, J.-D., Schimmelmann, A., Mastalerz, M., Hatcher, P.G., and Li, Y. “Structural features of a bituminous coal and their changes during low-temperature oxidation and loss
of volatiles investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy,” Energy & Fuels,
24, 2536–2544 (2010).
35. Cao, x., Ro, K.S., Chappell, M., Li, Y., and Mao, J.-D., “Chemical structures of
swine-manure chars produced under different carbonization conditions investigated by
advanced solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy,” Energy & Fuels, 25, 388–397 (2011).
36. Mao, J.-D., Ajakaiye, A., Lan, Y., Olk, D.C., Ceballos, M., Zhang, T., Fan, M.Z.,
and Forsberg, C.W., “Chemical structures of manure from conventional and phytase
transgenic pigs investigated by advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy,” Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 2131–2138 (2008).
37. Ramke, H.G., Blohse, D., Lehmann, H.J., and Fettig, J., “Hydrothermal carbonization
of organic waste,” in Cossu, R., Diaz, L.F., and Stegman, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the
12th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, January 13, CISA,
S. Margherita di Pula, Sardinia, Italy (2009).
38. Spokas, K.A. and Reicosky, D.C., “Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production,” Annals of Environmental Science, 3, 179–193 (2009).
39. Mursito, A.T., Hirajima, T., and Sasaki, K., “Upgrading and dewatering of raw tropical
peat by hydrothermal treatment,” Fuel, 89 (3), 635–641 (2010).
40. Russell, J.A., Miller, R.K., and Molton, P.M., “Formation of aromatic compounds
from condensation reactions of cellulose degradation products,” Biomass, 3 (1), 43–57
(1983).
41. Akhtar, A. and Amin, N., “A review on process conditions for optimum bio oil yield in
hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15,
1615–1624 (2011).
42. Midgett, J., “Assessing hydrothermal liquefaction process using biomass feedstocks,”
MS thesis, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA (May 2008).
43. Huber, G., Iborra, S., and Corma, A., “Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass:
150
Water for Energy and Fuel Production
Chemistry, catalysts, and engineering,” Chemical Reviews, 106, 1–51 (2006).
44. Demirbas, A., “Progress and recent trends in biofuels,” Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science, 33, 1–18 (2007).
45. Zhang, Y., “Hydrothermal liquefaction to convert biomass into crude oil,” in Blaschek, H.,
Ezeji, T., and Scheffran, J. (eds.), Biofuels from Agricultural Wastes and Byproducts.
Blackwell Publishing, New York, 201–232 (2010).
46. Behrendt, F., Neubauer, Y., Oevermann, M., Wilmes, B., and Zobel, N., “Direct liquefaction of biomass,” Chemical Engineering Technology, 31 (5), 667–677 (2008).
47. Chen, P., Min, M., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Li, Y., Chen, Q., Wang, C. et al., “Review of the
biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach,” International Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2 (4), 1–30 (2009).
48. Sugano, M., Takagi, H., Hirano, K., and Mashimo, K., “Hydrothermal liquefaction
of plantation biomass with two kinds of wastewater from paper industry,” Journal of
Materials Science, 43, 2476–2486 (2008).
49. Appell, H.R., Wender, I., and Miller, R.D., “Solubilization of Low Rank Coal with
Carbon Monoxide and Water,” Chemistry & Industry, 47, 1703 (1969).
50. Appell, H.R., Energy, 1, 24 (1976).
51. Blaustein, B.C., Bockrath, B.C., Davis, H.M., Friedman, S., Illig, E.C., and Mikita, M.A.,
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, preprints, 30 (2), 359 (1985).