149
Hydrothermal Processes in Subcritical Water
15. Libra, J., Ro, K., Kammann, C., Funke, A., Berge, N., Neubauer, Y., Titirici, M.,
Fuhner, C., Bens, O., and Emmerich, K., “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass
residuals: A comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and
dry pyrolysis,” Biofuels, 2 (1), 89–124 (2011).
16. Kumar, S., Lognathan, V., Gupta, R., and Barnett, M., “An assessment of U (VI) removal
from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization,” Journal
of Environmental Management, 92, 2504–2512 (2011).
17. Ding, Z., Frisch, M., Li, L., and Gloyna, E., “Catalytic oxidation in supercritical water,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 35, 3257–3279 (1996).
18. Funke, A. and Ziegler, F., “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A literature survey
focusing on its technical application and prospects,” Proceedings of the 17th European
Biomass Conference and Exhibition, June 29–July 3, Hamburg, Germany (2009).
19. Funke, A. and Ziegler, F. “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and
discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering,” Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining, 4 (2), 160–177 (2010).
20. Titirici, M., White, R., Falco, C., and Sevilla, M., “Black perspectives for a green future:
Hydrothermal carbons for environment protection and energy storage,” Energy &
Environmental Science, 5, 6796–6822 (2012).
21. Hu, B., Wang, K., Wu, L., Yu, S., Antonietti, M., and Titiricia, M., “Engineering carbon materials from the hydrothermal carbonization process of biomass,” Advanced
Materials, 22, 813–828 (2010).
22. Erlach, B. and Tsatsaronis, G., “In upgrading of biomass by hydrothermal carbonisation:
Analysis of an industrial-scale plant design,” Proceedings of ECOS 23rd International
Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of
Energy Systems, June 14–17 (2010).
23. Titirici, M.M., Thomas, A., Yu, S.H., Muller, J.O., and Antonietti, M., “A direct synthesis
of mesoporous carbons with bicontinuous pore morphology from crude plant material by
hydrothermal carbonization,” Chemistry of Materials, 19 (17), 4205–4212 (2007).
24. Sevilla, M. and Fuertes, A.B., “The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal
carbonization of cellulose,” Carbon, 47 (9), 2281–2289 (2009).
25. Sevilla, M. and Fuertes, A.B., “Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonizatioon of saccharides,” Chemistry—A European
Journal, 15, 4195–4203 (2009).
26. White, R.J., Budarin, V., Luque, R., Clark, J.H., and Macquarrie, D.J., “Tuneable porous
carbonaceous materials from renewable resources,” Chemical Society Reviews, 38,
3401–3418 (2009).
27. Antal, M.J. and Gronli, M., “The art, science, and technology of charcoal production,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42 (8), 1619–1640 (2003).
28. Regmi, P., Moscosq, J., Kumar, S., Cao, x., Mao, J., and Schafran, G., “Removal
of copper and cadmium from aqueous solution using switchgrass biochar produced
via hydrothermal carbonization process,” Journal of Environmental Management, 93,
1–9 (2012).
29. Ball, R., McIntosh, A.C., and Brindley, J., “The role of char-forming process in the thermal
decomposition of cellulose,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 1, 5035–5043 (1999).
30. Yu, S., Cui, x., Li, L., Li, K., Yu, B., Antonietti, M., and Colfen, H., “From starch
to metal/carbon hybrid nanostructures: Hydrothermal metal-catalyzed carbonization,”
Advanced Materials, 18, 1636–1640 (2004).
31. Titirici, M. and Antonietti, M., “Chemistry and materials options of sustainable carbon materials made by hydrothermal carbonization,” Chemical Society Reviews, 39,
103–116 (2010).
32. Liu, Z., Zhang, F.-S., and Wu, J., “Characterization and application of chars produced
from pinewood pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment,” Fuel, 89, 510–514 (2010).
Hydrothermal Processes in Subcritical Water
15. Libra, J., Ro, K., Kammann, C., Funke, A., Berge, N., Neubauer, Y., Titirici, M.,
Fuhner, C., Bens, O., and Emmerich, K., “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass
residuals: A comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and
dry pyrolysis,” Biofuels, 2 (1), 89–124 (2011).
16. Kumar, S., Lognathan, V., Gupta, R., and Barnett, M., “An assessment of U (VI) removal
from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization,” Journal
of Environmental Management, 92, 2504–2512 (2011).
17. Ding, Z., Frisch, M., Li, L., and Gloyna, E., “Catalytic oxidation in supercritical water,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 35, 3257–3279 (1996).
18. Funke, A. and Ziegler, F., “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A literature survey
focusing on its technical application and prospects,” Proceedings of the 17th European
Biomass Conference and Exhibition, June 29–July 3, Hamburg, Germany (2009).
19. Funke, A. and Ziegler, F. “Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and
discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering,” Biofuels, Bioproducts and
Biorefining, 4 (2), 160–177 (2010).
20. Titirici, M., White, R., Falco, C., and Sevilla, M., “Black perspectives for a green future:
Hydrothermal carbons for environment protection and energy storage,” Energy &
Environmental Science, 5, 6796–6822 (2012).
21. Hu, B., Wang, K., Wu, L., Yu, S., Antonietti, M., and Titiricia, M., “Engineering carbon materials from the hydrothermal carbonization process of biomass,” Advanced
Materials, 22, 813–828 (2010).
22. Erlach, B. and Tsatsaronis, G., “In upgrading of biomass by hydrothermal carbonisation:
Analysis of an industrial-scale plant design,” Proceedings of ECOS 23rd International
Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of
Energy Systems, June 14–17 (2010).
23. Titirici, M.M., Thomas, A., Yu, S.H., Muller, J.O., and Antonietti, M., “A direct synthesis
of mesoporous carbons with bicontinuous pore morphology from crude plant material by
hydrothermal carbonization,” Chemistry of Materials, 19 (17), 4205–4212 (2007).
24. Sevilla, M. and Fuertes, A.B., “The production of carbon materials by hydrothermal
carbonization of cellulose,” Carbon, 47 (9), 2281–2289 (2009).
25. Sevilla, M. and Fuertes, A.B., “Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by hydrothermal carbonizatioon of saccharides,” Chemistry—A European
Journal, 15, 4195–4203 (2009).
26. White, R.J., Budarin, V., Luque, R., Clark, J.H., and Macquarrie, D.J., “Tuneable porous
carbonaceous materials from renewable resources,” Chemical Society Reviews, 38,
3401–3418 (2009).
27. Antal, M.J. and Gronli, M., “The art, science, and technology of charcoal production,”
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42 (8), 1619–1640 (2003).
28. Regmi, P., Moscosq, J., Kumar, S., Cao, x., Mao, J., and Schafran, G., “Removal
of copper and cadmium from aqueous solution using switchgrass biochar produced
via hydrothermal carbonization process,” Journal of Environmental Management, 93,
1–9 (2012).
29. Ball, R., McIntosh, A.C., and Brindley, J., “The role of char-forming process in the thermal
decomposition of cellulose,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 1, 5035–5043 (1999).
30. Yu, S., Cui, x., Li, L., Li, K., Yu, B., Antonietti, M., and Colfen, H., “From starch
to metal/carbon hybrid nanostructures: Hydrothermal metal-catalyzed carbonization,”
Advanced Materials, 18, 1636–1640 (2004).
31. Titirici, M. and Antonietti, M., “Chemistry and materials options of sustainable carbon materials made by hydrothermal carbonization,” Chemical Society Reviews, 39,
103–116 (2010).
32. Liu, Z., Zhang, F.-S., and Wu, J., “Characterization and application of chars produced
from pinewood pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment,” Fuel, 89, 510–514 (2010).