444
Index
methanol, 52

methanolysis process, 53

noncatalytic process, 52

vegetable oil, transesterification
of, 51

water content in vegetable
oils, 52

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG)
method, 406

Syngas production

dimethyl ether, for, 173–175

Synthesis reaction

for methanol gas, 86–87

Synthetic fuel, 16

T
Thermochemical conversion
biohydrogen

applications, 407

fermentation process, 406–407

gasification process, 405–406

SCWG, 406

dimethyl ether (see Diethyl ether
(DEE))

direct liquefaction process, 399

indirect liquefaction process

F-T synthesis (see Fischer–Tropsch
diesel)

gasification, 400–405

“Third-generation” systems, 210

sequent LPG vapor injection
system, 211

Timken compound split ECVT, 376

Transesterification process, 29–30

Transportation sector, 2

U
Ultrasonic transesterification, 55

advantages of, 57

biodiesel, 56

isolated methyl esters, yield
of, 57

low frequency ultrasound, 56

reaction time, 56

ultrasonic reactors, 56

ultrasonic wave, velocity of, 56

Unburned hydrocarbon (UHC)
emissions, 112

ORG injection timing, 108

Unconfined vapor cloud explosion
(UVCE), 224

United States

ethanol fuel production, 131

U.S. Department of Energy study
on barriers, of using ethanol in
diesel fuel, 130

V

Valve regulated lead acid (VRLA)

charging characteristics, 308

pressure relief valves, 308

Vegetable oil
advantages of

aromatics and sulfur content, 38

cost, 38

environmentally friendly, 38

knocking tendency, 38

personal safety, 38

as substitute of fuel, 38

used in engine, 38

cetane number, 25

challenges for

availability, 39

cost, 39

durability, 39

environmental benefits, 39

manufacturer
warranty, 39

oxidation stability, 39

price, 39

production, 39

characterization of, 22

classifications

edible and nonedible
oils, 22

engine tests
endurance tests, 33–36
lube oil analysis, 36–38
performance and emissions
studies, 29–33

fatty acid composition, 25

as fuel, 21

fueled engine