Index
443
biomass-to-liquid (BTL)
technologies, 396
and first-generation, 417
nonedible and lignocellulosic
materials, 395
processes goal, 396
production, 395
thermochemical method
biohydrogen, 406–407
dimethyl ether, 410–413
Fischer-Tropsch liquids, 407–410
“Second generation”
systems, 209
microprocessor-controlled LPG
system, 210
Separately excited direct current (DC)
motor
applications, 303
power electronic use, 303
speed, drawback, 303
Series hybrid system
configuration
advantage, 364
disadvantage, 364
feature, 363
operation
battery charging, 368
decelerating/braking, 368
launching/normal driving/
accelerating, 367–368
power flow control, operating
modes, 367
Series–parallel hybrid system
configuration
advantage and
disadvantage, 365
features, 365
operation
engine-heavy series-parallel
hybrid system, 369–370
motor-heavy series-parallel
hybrid system, 370–371
Slow-fill systems, 233
Smoke number (SN), 114
methanol–diesel fuel blends, 113
SOF, 113
soot emissions, 113
SOF, see Soluble organic
fraction (SOF)
SOFC, see Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Solar electric vehicles
arrays
during assembly process, 318
cost of solar cell, 318
lifetime, 318
module, in series and parallel, 318
power, weather, 318
problems, 318–319
voltage and current, 318
description, 316
design
factors, 317
reliability and operational
efficiency, 317
stages and steps, 317
PV cells (see Photo voltaic (PV) cells)
Solid hydrogen, 283–285
Solid oxide electrolysis cells
(SOEC), 249
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), 265
Soluble organic fraction (SOF), 113
Spark ignition (SI) engines, 130
hydrogen in, 267–268
hydrogen direct induction,
270–271
manifold induction, 268–269
port induction, 269–270
preignition problems,
271–272
Starch
production of ethanol from,
130–134
Steam reforming reaction
for methanol gas, 86
Sucrose
biodegradability of, 137
Sulfated ash, 66
Sulfur dioxide emissions, 7
Supercritical alcoholysis
advantages of, 53
catalyst free supercritical
methanolysis process, 52
FFAs, 51
glycerol, 52
443
biomass-to-liquid (BTL)
technologies, 396
and first-generation, 417
nonedible and lignocellulosic
materials, 395
processes goal, 396
production, 395
thermochemical method
biohydrogen, 406–407
dimethyl ether, 410–413
Fischer-Tropsch liquids, 407–410
“Second generation”
systems, 209
microprocessor-controlled LPG
system, 210
Separately excited direct current (DC)
motor
applications, 303
power electronic use, 303
speed, drawback, 303
Series hybrid system
configuration
advantage, 364
disadvantage, 364
feature, 363
operation
battery charging, 368
decelerating/braking, 368
launching/normal driving/
accelerating, 367–368
power flow control, operating
modes, 367
Series–parallel hybrid system
configuration
advantage and
disadvantage, 365
features, 365
operation
engine-heavy series-parallel
hybrid system, 369–370
motor-heavy series-parallel
hybrid system, 370–371
Slow-fill systems, 233
Smoke number (SN), 114
methanol–diesel fuel blends, 113
SOF, 113
soot emissions, 113
SOF, see Soluble organic
fraction (SOF)
SOFC, see Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
Solar electric vehicles
arrays
during assembly process, 318
cost of solar cell, 318
lifetime, 318
module, in series and parallel, 318
power, weather, 318
problems, 318–319
voltage and current, 318
description, 316
design
factors, 317
reliability and operational
efficiency, 317
stages and steps, 317
PV cells (see Photo voltaic (PV) cells)
Solid hydrogen, 283–285
Solid oxide electrolysis cells
(SOEC), 249
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), 265
Soluble organic fraction (SOF), 113
Spark ignition (SI) engines, 130
hydrogen in, 267–268
hydrogen direct induction,
270–271
manifold induction, 268–269
port induction, 269–270
preignition problems,
271–272
Starch
production of ethanol from,
130–134
Steam reforming reaction
for methanol gas, 86
Sucrose
biodegradability of, 137
Sulfated ash, 66
Sulfur dioxide emissions, 7
Supercritical alcoholysis
advantages of, 53
catalyst free supercritical
methanolysis process, 52
FFAs, 51
glycerol, 52