442
Index
Petroleum oil, 2
resources, 3
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), 264
Photo voltaic (PV) cells
efficiency, sunlight conversion to
electricity, 317
gallium arsenide solar cell, 317
silicon, 317
solar cell, 317–318
Pilot fuel, 213
removal of engine roughness, 216
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs), 322
electric motor and battery
ratings, 366
features, 366
Pollution, environmental, 6
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), 7, 104
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs),
264; see also Fuel-cell vehicle
advantages, 325
chemical degradation, 326
CO levels and operating
temperature,
drawbacks, 327
composition, 325
conventional low-temperature,
stacks, 327
hydrogen
and oxygen, 322
fuel and oxidant air, 325
limitations, 325
methanol/gasoline-fuel, 325
operating principle (see Operating
principle in PEFCs)
quick start-up and low temperature
operation, 322
technical specifications, 325
Pour point, 61
Primary oil demand in
world, 3
Producer gas, 400
Public transportation, 2
Pulse width modulation, 312
Pyrolysis process, 26
oil properties, comparison with
diesel and biodiesel, 28
R
Range extended electric vehicle (REV)
electric motor and battery
ratings, 367
energy-efficient electric drive,
366–367
features, 366
Rapeseed oil
mechanical efficiency of, 32
unburned hydrocarbon emissions, 31
Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), 193
Rate of heat release (ROHR), 115, 118
fuel injection pressure, 120
ignition delay in, 119–120
LHV of methanol, 119–120
rate of heat release, 119
retarding injection timing, 120
Rechargeable batteries
chemical reactions, 304
use, 304
Refined palm oil (RPO), 36
Reformulated gasoline (RFG), 130
Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 83
Renault compound split ECVT, 376
Research octane numbers
(RON), 13, 135
RME, see Rapeseed oil methyl ester
(RME)
ROHR, see Rate of heat release (ROHR)
RON, see Research octane number
(RON)
RPO, see Refined palm oil (RPO)
Rubber seed oil–diesel blends
brake thermal efficiency, 31
calorific value of, 73
exhaust gas temperature, 32
RVP, see Reid vapor pressure (RVP)
S
Saccharification, 132
Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder
Lubricity Evaluator (SBOCLE)
test, 159
Second-generation biofuels
biological method
bioethanol (see Bioethanol)
Index
Petroleum oil, 2
resources, 3
Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), 264
Photo voltaic (PV) cells
efficiency, sunlight conversion to
electricity, 317
gallium arsenide solar cell, 317
silicon, 317
solar cell, 317–318
Pilot fuel, 213
removal of engine roughness, 216
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs), 322
electric motor and battery
ratings, 366
features, 366
Pollution, environmental, 6
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs), 7, 104
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs),
264; see also Fuel-cell vehicle
advantages, 325
chemical degradation, 326
CO levels and operating
temperature,
drawbacks, 327
composition, 325
conventional low-temperature,
stacks, 327
hydrogen
and oxygen, 322
fuel and oxidant air, 325
limitations, 325
methanol/gasoline-fuel, 325
operating principle (see Operating
principle in PEFCs)
quick start-up and low temperature
operation, 322
technical specifications, 325
Pour point, 61
Primary oil demand in
world, 3
Producer gas, 400
Public transportation, 2
Pulse width modulation, 312
Pyrolysis process, 26
oil properties, comparison with
diesel and biodiesel, 28
R
Range extended electric vehicle (REV)
electric motor and battery
ratings, 367
energy-efficient electric drive,
366–367
features, 366
Rapeseed oil
mechanical efficiency of, 32
unburned hydrocarbon emissions, 31
Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), 193
Rate of heat release (ROHR), 115, 118
fuel injection pressure, 120
ignition delay in, 119–120
LHV of methanol, 119–120
rate of heat release, 119
retarding injection timing, 120
Rechargeable batteries
chemical reactions, 304
use, 304
Refined palm oil (RPO), 36
Reformulated gasoline (RFG), 130
Reid vapor pressure (RVP), 83
Renault compound split ECVT, 376
Research octane numbers
(RON), 13, 135
RME, see Rapeseed oil methyl ester
(RME)
ROHR, see Rate of heat release (ROHR)
RON, see Research octane number
(RON)
RPO, see Refined palm oil (RPO)
Rubber seed oil–diesel blends
brake thermal efficiency, 31
calorific value of, 73
exhaust gas temperature, 32
RVP, see Reid vapor pressure (RVP)
S
Saccharification, 132
Scuffing Load Ball-on-Cylinder
Lubricity Evaluator (SBOCLE)
test, 159
Second-generation biofuels
biological method
bioethanol (see Bioethanol)