445
Index
cylinder head of, 34
piston top, 35

heating value, 25–26

methods to use in engines

dilution, 28–29
microemulsification,
26, 28

problems, 29

pyrolysis, 26

transesterification,
29–30

molecular formula of, 23

oxidation stability, 25

properties of

chemical, 24

fuel, 24

physical, 23

physiochemical, 27

thermal, 24

sources

cultivated oil seeds, 22

derived oil-bearing
material, 22
oil seeds of forest and tree
origin, 22
perennial oil-bearing
materials, 22
Vegetable oils and biodiesel as
alternative fuels, 11–12
Vehicles
pollution, 6–7
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Report, 322
VOCs, see Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs)
Volatile organic
compounds
(VOCs), 7
W
Water–gas shift (WGS)
reaction, 88
for methanol gas, 86
Wear scar diameter (WSD), 67
Well-to-Wheel analysis
JRC/EUCAR/CONCAWE report,
256–258
stages of, 255–256
Well-to-wheel emissions of
biodiesel, 12
WGS reaction, see Water−gas shift
(WGS) reaction
Wobbe index, 230–231
Wood alcohol, see Methanol
World
crisis of

environmental pollution, 6

fossil fuel depletion, 6

economy and crude oil
production, 4

energy consumption, 4

trend, 2

ethanol production in, 131

oil seed annual production,
22–23
primary oil demand, 3
WSD, see Wear scar diameter (WSD)
X
X-TRAIL FCV 2003 model, 354
Z
Zeldovich mechanism, 220
Zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), 322