440
Index
transistors, 312–313
voltage, polarity reverse, 312
convert to generator, 311
DC/AC current, 311
device description, 310
electrically powered vehicle, 311
manual/automatic means,
310–311
operating mechanism, DC controller
on/off approach, 312
power, high and low, 312
pulse width modulation, 313
speed and acceleration, 312
switching devices, 312
potentiometer, 312
signal, accelerator, 311
speed and torque, 310
working, 311
zero emission vehicles, 310
Motor-heavy series-parallel hybrid
system
accelerating and normal
driving, 370
battery charging, 371
decelerating/braking, 370–371
launching, 370
operating modes, 370–371
Motor octane number (MON), 135
MPFI engine, see Multipoint fuel
injection system (MPFI) engine
MTBE, see Methyl tertiary-butyl ether
(MTBE)
Multipoint fuel injection system (MPFI)
engine, 140–141
N
National Alcohol Program, 130
Natural gas (NG), 12–13, 86
in CI engines, 238–240
end-use efficiency of, 2
flammability, 102
properties of
calorific value, 231
flammability, 230
octane number, 229–230
Wobbe index, 230–231
in SI engines, 237
storage and transport, 228
used in combined cycle power
plants, 228
Next generation fuels, 16–17
Nickel-based batteries
nickel–cadmium
disadvantages, 309
positive and negative
electrodes, 309
power, cycle life and low-
discharge rate, 309
sealed type, 309
vented type, 309
nickel–iron
lifetime, 309
potassium hydroxide,
electrolyte, 308
power density, 309
self discharge, 308–309
nickel-metal hydride
during charging and
discharge, 309
and nickel–cadmium
batteries., 309
reaction, 309
nickel–zinc
dendrite growth problem, 309
energy and power density, 309
lifetime, 309
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions
formation of, 112
lower peak cylinder pressures, 113
ORG injection timing, 112
pollutant formation process, 112
Nonedible oils, 22
NO x emissions and respiratory infection
and viral infections, 7
O
Onboard-hydrogen storage
fuel cell typologies, 285
characteristics of, 286
nickel metal hydride systems, 287
pressurized tank storage, 287
storage criteria, 285, 287–288
On/off approach, 312
On-road alternative fuel vehicles, 18
Opel’s Zafira compact van, 351
Operating principle in PEFCs
Index
transistors, 312–313
voltage, polarity reverse, 312
convert to generator, 311
DC/AC current, 311
device description, 310
electrically powered vehicle, 311
manual/automatic means,
310–311
operating mechanism, DC controller
on/off approach, 312
power, high and low, 312
pulse width modulation, 313
speed and acceleration, 312
switching devices, 312
potentiometer, 312
signal, accelerator, 311
speed and torque, 310
working, 311
zero emission vehicles, 310
Motor-heavy series-parallel hybrid
system
accelerating and normal
driving, 370
battery charging, 371
decelerating/braking, 370–371
launching, 370
operating modes, 370–371
Motor octane number (MON), 135
MPFI engine, see Multipoint fuel
injection system (MPFI) engine
MTBE, see Methyl tertiary-butyl ether
(MTBE)
Multipoint fuel injection system (MPFI)
engine, 140–141
N
National Alcohol Program, 130
Natural gas (NG), 12–13, 86
in CI engines, 238–240
end-use efficiency of, 2
flammability, 102
properties of
calorific value, 231
flammability, 230
octane number, 229–230
Wobbe index, 230–231
in SI engines, 237
storage and transport, 228
used in combined cycle power
plants, 228
Next generation fuels, 16–17
Nickel-based batteries
nickel–cadmium
disadvantages, 309
positive and negative
electrodes, 309
power, cycle life and low-
discharge rate, 309
sealed type, 309
vented type, 309
nickel–iron
lifetime, 309
potassium hydroxide,
electrolyte, 308
power density, 309
self discharge, 308–309
nickel-metal hydride
during charging and
discharge, 309
and nickel–cadmium
batteries., 309
reaction, 309
nickel–zinc
dendrite growth problem, 309
energy and power density, 309
lifetime, 309
Nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions
formation of, 112
lower peak cylinder pressures, 113
ORG injection timing, 112
pollutant formation process, 112
Nonedible oils, 22
NO x emissions and respiratory infection
and viral infections, 7
O
Onboard-hydrogen storage
fuel cell typologies, 285
characteristics of, 286
nickel metal hydride systems, 287
pressurized tank storage, 287
storage criteria, 285, 287–288
On/off approach, 312
On-road alternative fuel vehicles, 18
Opel’s Zafira compact van, 351
Operating principle in PEFCs