438
Index
chemical reactions, 307
components of, 307
during discharge and
charging, 307
in discharged state, 307
drawbacks of, 308
electric passenger vehicles, 308
EVs, 308
gassing, charging, 308
schematic diagram, 307
sealed bipolar technology, 308
technologies, advanced, 308
tubular positive electrodes, 308
use, 307–308
VRLA
charging characteristics, 308
pressure relief valves, 308
LHV, see Lower heating value (LHV)
Life cycle assessment, 255
Lipase catalyzed transesterification
advantages of, 55
enzymatic, 54
vegetable oils, 54
yield of, 55
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 13, 84
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 13, 84
advantages over gasoline, 211
compatibility of materials, 221–222
demerits of, 225–226
in diesel engine applications
BSFC variations with, 214, 219
combustion pressure, 214
compressions ratios, 215
EGR system for, 217
fuel conversion efficiency, 218–219
ignition delay period, 215
NO x emissions, 220
pressure rise rate, 216–217
thermal conversion efficiency, 219
economics of, 222–223
engine tests of
brake thermal efficiency
variations, 213
diesel engine applications,
213–220
gasoline engine applications,
211–213
LPG conversion systems, 208–211
merits of, 225–226
modeling studies of, 207–208
potential of, 203–204
production of
natural gas and oil extraction, 204
refining, of crude oil, 204–205
properties of, 205–207
air–fuel ratio, 206
autoignition temperature, 206
calorific value, 206
compared with gasoline and
diesel fuels, 207
composition as automotive
fuel, 2 06
flash point, 206
freezing and boiling points, 206
refueling facilities
BLEVE, 224
flash fire, 225
jet fires, 225
pool fires, 225
UVCE, 224–225
safety measures for use of, 223–225
vehicle fuel tank and design
parameters, 222
iquid hydrogen, 281–282
ithium-based batteries
description, lithium, 310
lithium-ion battery
applications, EVs, 310
on charging, 310
on discharge, 310
lithiated intercalation material
and intercalation, 310
lithium-polymer
advantage, 310
drawback, 310
electrolyte, solid polymer, 310
positive and negative, 310
NG, see Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
ower heating value (LHV), 99
PG, see Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
ube oil analysis, 36–38
CA, see Methanol-containing
additive ( MCA)
CFC, see Molten carbonate fuel
cells ( MCFC)
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M
Index
chemical reactions, 307
components of, 307
during discharge and
charging, 307
in discharged state, 307
drawbacks of, 308
electric passenger vehicles, 308
EVs, 308
gassing, charging, 308
schematic diagram, 307
sealed bipolar technology, 308
technologies, advanced, 308
tubular positive electrodes, 308
use, 307–308
VRLA
charging characteristics, 308
pressure relief valves, 308
LHV, see Lower heating value (LHV)
Life cycle assessment, 255
Lipase catalyzed transesterification
advantages of, 55
enzymatic, 54
vegetable oils, 54
yield of, 55
Liquefied natural gas (LNG), 13, 84
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 13, 84
advantages over gasoline, 211
compatibility of materials, 221–222
demerits of, 225–226
in diesel engine applications
BSFC variations with, 214, 219
combustion pressure, 214
compressions ratios, 215
EGR system for, 217
fuel conversion efficiency, 218–219
ignition delay period, 215
NO x emissions, 220
pressure rise rate, 216–217
thermal conversion efficiency, 219
economics of, 222–223
engine tests of
brake thermal efficiency
variations, 213
diesel engine applications,
213–220
gasoline engine applications,
211–213
LPG conversion systems, 208–211
merits of, 225–226
modeling studies of, 207–208
potential of, 203–204
production of
natural gas and oil extraction, 204
refining, of crude oil, 204–205
properties of, 205–207
air–fuel ratio, 206
autoignition temperature, 206
calorific value, 206
compared with gasoline and
diesel fuels, 207
composition as automotive
fuel, 2 06
flash point, 206
freezing and boiling points, 206
refueling facilities
BLEVE, 224
flash fire, 225
jet fires, 225
pool fires, 225
UVCE, 224–225
safety measures for use of, 223–225
vehicle fuel tank and design
parameters, 222
iquid hydrogen, 281–282
ithium-based batteries
description, lithium, 310
lithium-ion battery
applications, EVs, 310
on charging, 310
on discharge, 310
lithiated intercalation material
and intercalation, 310
lithium-polymer
advantage, 310
drawback, 310
electrolyte, solid polymer, 310
positive and negative, 310
NG, see Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
ower heating value (LHV), 99
PG, see Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
ube oil analysis, 36–38
CA, see Methanol-containing
additive ( MCA)
CFC, see Molten carbonate fuel
cells ( MCFC)
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M