432
Index
exhaust emissions, with e-diesel, 156
CO emissions, 157
NO x emissions, 157
PM emissions, 157
test results, 158
fumigation, 146–149
engine torque output, 148
load-controlled range, 147
NO x emissions, 149
nozzle placement, 147
percentage of energy, 148
glow plug assisted ignition, 149–151
Detroit Diesel engine study, 149
emissions from, 151
test results for, 150
heat release, 145
Ethanol-gasoline engine tests
engine chassis dynamometer tests,
142–144
E85 emission, 144
exhaust emissions, 143
U.S. EPA420-F-00-035 report, 144
engine dynamometer tests, 138–142
acetaldehyde emission, 142
CO emissions, 139–140
CO 2 emissions, 140
exhaust emissions at idle speed,
141
HC emissions, 141
unburned ethanol emission, 142
unburned hydrocarbons, 139
Ethers, 14–15
European Council for Automotive
Research and Development
(EUCAR), 256
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 217
dual fuel engines, in, 217
F
Fatty acids
chemical structure of, 23–24
composition in vegetable oils, 25
FCG, see Fuel-cell based electricity
generation system (FCG)
Federal ethanol program
United State of America, in, 130
Feedstock, 12
FFV, see Flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV)
First-generation biofuels
commercial viability analysis,
394–395
emissions, 395
energy content and greenhouse
effect, 395
feedstock, 395
limitations, 395
properties and production
process, 395
and second-generation, 417
source and technologies, 395
“First generation” systems
mechanically controlled LPG
carburetion system, 209
Fischer−Tropsch diesel
carbon dioxide, 408–409
catalysts, synthesis process
iron and cobalt, 408
nickel and ruthenium-based, 408
characteristics, 409
cleaning synthesis process, 407–408
coal, 407
and conventional diesel exhaust
emissions, 410
emission benefits, 410
fuel properties, 410
greenhouse benefit, 407
hydrocarbons, 408
lubricity properties, 409–410
natural gas, 407
nil sulfur content, 410
production steps
fuel upgrading, 408
hydrocarbon synthesis, 408
synthesis equation, 408
synthesis gas generation, 408
reactor designs, 408
synthesis equation, 408
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process,
16–17
Fixed-bed gasifiers
coal size distribution, 402
crossdraft
charcoal, 401
drying, 401
gas inlet and outlet, 401
oxidation and reduction, 402
pyrolysis, 401–402
Index
exhaust emissions, with e-diesel, 156
CO emissions, 157
NO x emissions, 157
PM emissions, 157
test results, 158
fumigation, 146–149
engine torque output, 148
load-controlled range, 147
NO x emissions, 149
nozzle placement, 147
percentage of energy, 148
glow plug assisted ignition, 149–151
Detroit Diesel engine study, 149
emissions from, 151
test results for, 150
heat release, 145
Ethanol-gasoline engine tests
engine chassis dynamometer tests,
142–144
E85 emission, 144
exhaust emissions, 143
U.S. EPA420-F-00-035 report, 144
engine dynamometer tests, 138–142
acetaldehyde emission, 142
CO emissions, 139–140
CO 2 emissions, 140
exhaust emissions at idle speed,
141
HC emissions, 141
unburned ethanol emission, 142
unburned hydrocarbons, 139
Ethers, 14–15
European Council for Automotive
Research and Development
(EUCAR), 256
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), 217
dual fuel engines, in, 217
F
Fatty acids
chemical structure of, 23–24
composition in vegetable oils, 25
FCG, see Fuel-cell based electricity
generation system (FCG)
Federal ethanol program
United State of America, in, 130
Feedstock, 12
FFV, see Flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV)
First-generation biofuels
commercial viability analysis,
394–395
emissions, 395
energy content and greenhouse
effect, 395
feedstock, 395
limitations, 395
properties and production
process, 395
and second-generation, 417
source and technologies, 395
“First generation” systems
mechanically controlled LPG
carburetion system, 209
Fischer−Tropsch diesel
carbon dioxide, 408–409
catalysts, synthesis process
iron and cobalt, 408
nickel and ruthenium-based, 408
characteristics, 409
cleaning synthesis process, 407–408
coal, 407
and conventional diesel exhaust
emissions, 410
emission benefits, 410
fuel properties, 410
greenhouse benefit, 407
hydrocarbons, 408
lubricity properties, 409–410
natural gas, 407
nil sulfur content, 410
production steps
fuel upgrading, 408
hydrocarbon synthesis, 408
synthesis equation, 408
synthesis gas generation, 408
reactor designs, 408
synthesis equation, 408
Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process,
16–17
Fixed-bed gasifiers
coal size distribution, 402
crossdraft
charcoal, 401
drying, 401
gas inlet and outlet, 401
oxidation and reduction, 402
pyrolysis, 401–402