Index
431
battery charge, 369
decelerating/braking, 369
launching, 369
operating modes, 369–370
Engine tests, 98
emissions tests
carbon dioxide emission, 114
carbon monoxide emissions,
106, 108
changes in, 107, 109–111
DMMC, effect, 105
experiments, 104–105
MCA and CBCs, 104
methanol–diesel blends,
effects, 105
methods, 105–106
nitrogen oxides emissions, 112–113
PAHs, 104
smoke number (SN), 113–114
UHC emissions, 108, 112
methanol in, 99
performance tests
BSEC, 102
BSFC, 99
BTE, 99, 101
combustion efficiency, 103
exhaust gas temperatures, 103
LHV, 99
volumetric efficiency and
atomization rate, 103
EN 14214 test method, 61
Entrained gasifiers
ash
chemical composition, 404
melting, 404
biomass properties, 404
briquette method, 404
bulk density biomass, 404
CO and H 2 , 404–405
reaction intensity, 403
syngas, 403–404
Environmental pollution, 6
pollutants of
NO x emissions, 7
unburned hydro carbons, 7
Ethanol
autoignition temperature of, 11
as automobile fuel, 11
biodegradability of, 137
by-product in production of sugar, 11
compatibility, with materials, 161–162
for diesel engines, 11
diesel engine tests (see Ethanol-diesel
engine tests)
for diesel fuel, 130
fuel of future, 129
gasoline engine tests (see Ethanol-
gasoline engine tests)
opportunities and challenges,
162–163
production
feedstocks, 133
greenhouse gas emission
reduction, 131–132
from starch, 131
in world, 131
properties of, 134–138
autoignition
temperature, 136–137
biodegradability, 137
carbon percentage, 137
gasoline and diesel, in
comparison with, 136
RON and MON, 135
RVP, 135–136
substitute for gasoline, 129
use, 11
for internal combustion engine,
129–130
in vehicles, 130
Ethanol-diesel engine tests, 144
blending of ethanol, with diesel,
152–156
microemulsions, 153
phase separation diagram,
154–155
physical properties, 153
viscosity of, 156
cetane enhanced ethanol, 151–152
IH tractor, 151–152
maximum power engine
performance on, 152
dual fuel operation
alcohol–diesel fuel blend, 146
alcohol fumigation, 146
dual injection, 146
engine durability with e-diesel
durability test, 159–160
431
battery charge, 369
decelerating/braking, 369
launching, 369
operating modes, 369–370
Engine tests, 98
emissions tests
carbon dioxide emission, 114
carbon monoxide emissions,
106, 108
changes in, 107, 109–111
DMMC, effect, 105
experiments, 104–105
MCA and CBCs, 104
methanol–diesel blends,
effects, 105
methods, 105–106
nitrogen oxides emissions, 112–113
PAHs, 104
smoke number (SN), 113–114
UHC emissions, 108, 112
methanol in, 99
performance tests
BSEC, 102
BSFC, 99
BTE, 99, 101
combustion efficiency, 103
exhaust gas temperatures, 103
LHV, 99
volumetric efficiency and
atomization rate, 103
EN 14214 test method, 61
Entrained gasifiers
ash
chemical composition, 404
melting, 404
biomass properties, 404
briquette method, 404
bulk density biomass, 404
CO and H 2 , 404–405
reaction intensity, 403
syngas, 403–404
Environmental pollution, 6
pollutants of
NO x emissions, 7
unburned hydro carbons, 7
Ethanol
autoignition temperature of, 11
as automobile fuel, 11
biodegradability of, 137
by-product in production of sugar, 11
compatibility, with materials, 161–162
for diesel engines, 11
diesel engine tests (see Ethanol-diesel
engine tests)
for diesel fuel, 130
fuel of future, 129
gasoline engine tests (see Ethanol-
gasoline engine tests)
opportunities and challenges,
162–163
production
feedstocks, 133
greenhouse gas emission
reduction, 131–132
from starch, 131
in world, 131
properties of, 134–138
autoignition
temperature, 136–137
biodegradability, 137
carbon percentage, 137
gasoline and diesel, in
comparison with, 136
RON and MON, 135
RVP, 135–136
substitute for gasoline, 129
use, 11
for internal combustion engine,
129–130
in vehicles, 130
Ethanol-diesel engine tests, 144
blending of ethanol, with diesel,
152–156
microemulsions, 153
phase separation diagram,
154–155
physical properties, 153
viscosity of, 156
cetane enhanced ethanol, 151–152
IH tractor, 151–152
maximum power engine
performance on, 152
dual fuel operation
alcohol–diesel fuel blend, 146
alcohol fumigation, 146
dual injection, 146
engine durability with e-diesel
durability test, 159–160