Index
433
downdraft
disadvantage, 401
schematic, 401
gasification temperatures, 402
residence time, 402
updraft, 400–401
Flash point defined, 59
Flemming’s left-hand rule, 298
Flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV), 10
ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle, 160
operation of, 160
production of automobiles
compatibility, with E85, 160
Fluidized bed gasifiers
advantages, 403
air, oxygen/steam passage, 402
char/ash, 402–403
drawbacks, 403
limestone and coal, 402
reacting system, 402
schematic of, 403
Fossil fuels, 8
Free fatty acid (FFA), 46–47, 49–51
Fuel-cell based electricity generation
system (FCG), 265
Fuel cell electric vehicles
(FCEV), 362
Fuel-cell powered buses
advantage, 349
DC/DC converter, 349
FCS
output, power, 350
PEFC stacks, 349
power consumption, 349–350
power density, 349
hybrid-FC, 349
propulsion system
FCS, 349
Fuel cells, 16
hybridization of vehicles, 266–267
hydrogen in, 263–266
applications, 266
choices, 264–266
schematic of, 264
PEFCs, 325–327
powered buses, 349–350
storage batteries
technical limitations, 322
system, schematic, 329
types of, 322
vehicles (see Fuel-cell vehicle)
Fuel-cell tractor, 326
Fuel-cell vehicle (FCV)
at Ballard
BCT, 354–355
bus, 355
Daimler Chrysler
NECAR 5, 352, 354
NECAR 2, NECAR 3 and NECAR
4, 352
New Electric Car (NECAR 1), 352
DMFCs, 325–326
durability, 326
electrolyte materials, 326
fuel cell stack, 322
fueling option (see Fueling option
in FCV)
with fuel processor, 337
General Motors (GM)
components, 350
driving range, 350
fuel processor, start time, 351
gasoline reforming
activities, 351
Gen3 fuel processor, 351
methanol-steam reforming,
350–351
onboard gasoline
reforming, 351
stack technology, 350
Zafira, 351
Honda
BEVs, 351–352
FCX Clarity zero-emission
hydrogen powered fuel-cell
sedan, 352
FCX-V1, 352
FCX-V2, 352
technological development, 353
and hybrid vehicles
automotive technologies, 336
engine peak-power, 336
fuel processor, 337
hybridization, 336–337
hybridizing, ICEVs, 336
hydrogen fuel economy,
ICEVs, 336
load efficiency, 336
433
downdraft
disadvantage, 401
schematic, 401
gasification temperatures, 402
residence time, 402
updraft, 400–401
Flash point defined, 59
Flemming’s left-hand rule, 298
Flexi-fuel vehicles (FFV), 10
ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle, 160
operation of, 160
production of automobiles
compatibility, with E85, 160
Fluidized bed gasifiers
advantages, 403
air, oxygen/steam passage, 402
char/ash, 402–403
drawbacks, 403
limestone and coal, 402
reacting system, 402
schematic of, 403
Fossil fuels, 8
Free fatty acid (FFA), 46–47, 49–51
Fuel-cell based electricity generation
system (FCG), 265
Fuel cell electric vehicles
(FCEV), 362
Fuel-cell powered buses
advantage, 349
DC/DC converter, 349
FCS
output, power, 350
PEFC stacks, 349
power consumption, 349–350
power density, 349
hybrid-FC, 349
propulsion system
FCS, 349
Fuel cells, 16
hybridization of vehicles, 266–267
hydrogen in, 263–266
applications, 266
choices, 264–266
schematic of, 264
PEFCs, 325–327
powered buses, 349–350
storage batteries
technical limitations, 322
system, schematic, 329
types of, 322
vehicles (see Fuel-cell vehicle)
Fuel-cell tractor, 326
Fuel-cell vehicle (FCV)
at Ballard
BCT, 354–355
bus, 355
Daimler Chrysler
NECAR 5, 352, 354
NECAR 2, NECAR 3 and NECAR
4, 352
New Electric Car (NECAR 1), 352
DMFCs, 325–326
durability, 326
electrolyte materials, 326
fuel cell stack, 322
fueling option (see Fueling option
in FCV)
with fuel processor, 337
General Motors (GM)
components, 350
driving range, 350
fuel processor, start time, 351
gasoline reforming
activities, 351
Gen3 fuel processor, 351
methanol-steam reforming,
350–351
onboard gasoline
reforming, 351
stack technology, 350
Zafira, 351
Honda
BEVs, 351–352
FCX Clarity zero-emission
hydrogen powered fuel-cell
sedan, 352
FCX-V1, 352
FCX-V2, 352
technological development, 353
and hybrid vehicles
automotive technologies, 336
engine peak-power, 336
fuel processor, 337
hybridization, 336–337
hybridizing, ICEVs, 336
hydrogen fuel economy,
ICEVs, 336
load efficiency, 336