Index
429
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), 85,
325–326
Distillers dried grains (DDG), 132
DMC, see Dimethyl carbonate (DMC)
DME, see Dimethyl ether (DME)
DMFC, see Direct methanol fuel cells
(DMFCs)
DMMC, see Diesel−methanol (DMMC)
Double-injection device, 11
Double-rotor induction machine
advantage, 380–381
carbon brushes and slip rings, 382
operation principle, 381
PM brushless topologies
axial-field, 381
radial-field, 381
D5798 standard, 134
Dual-axle complex hybrid system
front-electric rear-hybrid
accelerating, 373
battery charging, 373
decelerating/braking, 373
launching, 373
normal driving, 373
operating modes, 373–374
front-hybrid rear-electric
for accelerating, 372–373
axle balancing, 373
during cruising, 373
decelerating/braking, 373
front wheel and rear wheel, 372
launching, 372
normal driving, 373
operating modes, 372
Dual fuel engines, 214
advantages of, 215
disadvantages of, 215
exhaust gas recirculation in, 217
thermal conversion efficiency
of, 218
Dual fuel/fumigation systems, 11
E
Edible oils, 22
EGR, see Exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR)
Electricity
energy sources, 296
production, 296
stored, 296
Electric vehicles (EVs), 15, 322
applications
materials handling
equipment, 319
atmospheric pollution, 296
batteries charging
AC supply, 313
cars charged, charging station, 314
DC supply, 313–314
power for traction, 313
techniques, 314–315
benefits
efficiency, 319
fossil fuel dependency, 319
noiseless, 319
zero emission, 319
capacities, Ampere-hours
cut-off voltage, 306
defined, 306
cell
description, 305
negative electrode/anode, 305–306
positive and negative plates, 305
positive electrode/cathode, 306
positive electrode, negative
electrode and electrolyte, 305
voltage, 305
challenges
cost and recharging time, 320
customer acceptance and
satisfaction, 320
driving range, 320
seating space, 320
charging
AC supply, 313
cars charged, charging station, 314
DC supply, 313–314
power for traction, 313
techniques, 314–315
classification, 361–362
construction
basic electric vehicle
drivetrain, 298
battery storage systems, 304–310
DC motors, 397–399
internal combustion engine
power train, 297
429
Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), 85,
325–326
Distillers dried grains (DDG), 132
DMC, see Dimethyl carbonate (DMC)
DME, see Dimethyl ether (DME)
DMFC, see Direct methanol fuel cells
(DMFCs)
DMMC, see Diesel−methanol (DMMC)
Double-injection device, 11
Double-rotor induction machine
advantage, 380–381
carbon brushes and slip rings, 382
operation principle, 381
PM brushless topologies
axial-field, 381
radial-field, 381
D5798 standard, 134
Dual-axle complex hybrid system
front-electric rear-hybrid
accelerating, 373
battery charging, 373
decelerating/braking, 373
launching, 373
normal driving, 373
operating modes, 373–374
front-hybrid rear-electric
for accelerating, 372–373
axle balancing, 373
during cruising, 373
decelerating/braking, 373
front wheel and rear wheel, 372
launching, 372
normal driving, 373
operating modes, 372
Dual fuel engines, 214
advantages of, 215
disadvantages of, 215
exhaust gas recirculation in, 217
thermal conversion efficiency
of, 218
Dual fuel/fumigation systems, 11
E
Edible oils, 22
EGR, see Exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR)
Electricity
energy sources, 296
production, 296
stored, 296
Electric vehicles (EVs), 15, 322
applications
materials handling
equipment, 319
atmospheric pollution, 296
batteries charging
AC supply, 313
cars charged, charging station, 314
DC supply, 313–314
power for traction, 313
techniques, 314–315
benefits
efficiency, 319
fossil fuel dependency, 319
noiseless, 319
zero emission, 319
capacities, Ampere-hours
cut-off voltage, 306
defined, 306
cell
description, 305
negative electrode/anode, 305–306
positive and negative plates, 305
positive electrode/cathode, 306
positive electrode, negative
electrode and electrolyte, 305
voltage, 305
challenges
cost and recharging time, 320
customer acceptance and
satisfaction, 320
driving range, 320
seating space, 320
charging
AC supply, 313
cars charged, charging station, 314
DC supply, 313–314
power for traction, 313
techniques, 314–315
classification, 361–362
construction
basic electric vehicle
drivetrain, 298
battery storage systems, 304–310
DC motors, 397–399
internal combustion engine
power train, 297