428
Index
internal combustion engine fuel
in diesel engines, 186
diesel engines, emissions for, 190
engines running, 189
film lubrication, 191
first version of, 187
fuel injection systems, 193
fuel systems in diesel
engine, 192
HFRR test procedure, 192
modern engine tests, 190
nitric oxide and smoke emissions,
188–189
reciprocating ball on plate test
with, 192
RME, 193
smoke formation tendencies, 187
soot emissions, 189
tests with, 187
thermal efficiency and engine
noise, 188
and unburned hydrocarbon
emissions, 191
viscosity, 191
from methanol
dehydration reaction, 411–412
dual catalyst systems, 411
single catalyst systems, 411
MTBE, 84
production of
economics, 182–185
methanol production (see
Methanol production)
syngas production (see Syngas
production)
properties, 168
advantages, 413
blended with LPG, 413
bulk modulus of, 171–172
burning substitute, 413
cetane number, 412
disadvantages, 414
engine calibration, 412–413
fuel applications, 172
fuel cells/diesel engines, 413
liquid, density, 170
and LPG, 412
mass percentage of oxygen in, 170
optical studies of, 170
plastics, elastomers, and
rubbers, 412
thermal efficiency and
emissions, 413
vapor pressure of, 169
viscosity of, 171
volumetric energy content, 412
volumetric heating value, 171
safety measures for, 198–199
synthesis, 411
two-step process, 84
Direct current (DC) compound motor
acceleration, 301
advantage, 300
commutator, 303
constructional detail
brushes, 300
coils, rotor, 299
rotor and stator, 299
efficiency, 299
field coils, series and shunt, 301, 303
principle, 297–298
shunt DC motor, torque, 303
speed and torque, 301–302
speed–load conditions, 301
types, windings configuration
compound motor, 301–303
separately excited (see Separately
excited direct current (DC)
motor)
series motor, 300–301
shunt motor, 301
use, 297
working principle
Flemming’s left-hand rule,
298–299
schematic, 298
Direct current (DC) series motor
current flow, 300
field and rotor/armature coil, 300
speed, 300–301
torque, 300
Direct current (DC) shunt motor; see also
Direct current (DC) compound
motor
current flows, 301
field and rotor coils, 301
speed, 301
Direct greenhouse gases, 6
Index
internal combustion engine fuel
in diesel engines, 186
diesel engines, emissions for, 190
engines running, 189
film lubrication, 191
first version of, 187
fuel injection systems, 193
fuel systems in diesel
engine, 192
HFRR test procedure, 192
modern engine tests, 190
nitric oxide and smoke emissions,
188–189
reciprocating ball on plate test
with, 192
RME, 193
smoke formation tendencies, 187
soot emissions, 189
tests with, 187
thermal efficiency and engine
noise, 188
and unburned hydrocarbon
emissions, 191
viscosity, 191
from methanol
dehydration reaction, 411–412
dual catalyst systems, 411
single catalyst systems, 411
MTBE, 84
production of
economics, 182–185
methanol production (see
Methanol production)
syngas production (see Syngas
production)
properties, 168
advantages, 413
blended with LPG, 413
bulk modulus of, 171–172
burning substitute, 413
cetane number, 412
disadvantages, 414
engine calibration, 412–413
fuel applications, 172
fuel cells/diesel engines, 413
liquid, density, 170
and LPG, 412
mass percentage of oxygen in, 170
optical studies of, 170
plastics, elastomers, and
rubbers, 412
thermal efficiency and
emissions, 413
vapor pressure of, 169
viscosity of, 171
volumetric energy content, 412
volumetric heating value, 171
safety measures for, 198–199
synthesis, 411
two-step process, 84
Direct current (DC) compound motor
acceleration, 301
advantage, 300
commutator, 303
constructional detail
brushes, 300
coils, rotor, 299
rotor and stator, 299
efficiency, 299
field coils, series and shunt, 301, 303
principle, 297–298
shunt DC motor, torque, 303
speed and torque, 301–302
speed–load conditions, 301
types, windings configuration
compound motor, 301–303
separately excited (see Separately
excited direct current (DC)
motor)
series motor, 300–301
shunt motor, 301
use, 297
working principle
Flemming’s left-hand rule,
298–299
schematic, 298
Direct current (DC) series motor
current flow, 300
field and rotor/armature coil, 300
speed, 300–301
torque, 300
Direct current (DC) shunt motor; see also
Direct current (DC) compound
motor
current flows, 301
field and rotor coils, 301
speed, 301
Direct greenhouse gases, 6